Bio

Front 1

Asexual reproduction

Back 1

Production of identical offspring from a single parent

Front 2

Sexual reproduction

Back 2

Production involving two gametes formed by the process of meiosis by 1 or more parent plant

Front 3

Pollination

Back 3

When the pollen (male gamete) is transferred to the stigma (female part) from the anther (male part) of the plant

Front 4

Wind pollinated flowers

Back 4

small, dull colours, no scent

Front 5

Insect pollinated flowers

Back 5

Bright large petals, nectar and fragrance

Front 6

Fertilisation

Back 6

The fusion of the male gamete and female gamete that produces and offspring such as a seed to then under go germination

Front 7

Germination factors

Back 7

Water, oxygen, warmth

Front 8

Warmth

Back 8

Enzymes require optimum temperature to function. This means the enzymes can break down starch to be used for respiration

Front 9

Respiration equation

Back 9

Glucose + oxygen = atp energy + h20 + co2 + heat

Front 10

Oxygen

Back 10

Required to activate enzymes in the seed needed for respiration

Front 11

Water

Back 11

Enters through micropyle and softens testa so the radicle can emerge to form the seed

Front 12

Warmth not at optimum temp

Back 12

Enzymes will decrease and then bonds holding the enzyme together will break and this causes the shape of the enzymes to change and the active site will no longer fit the substrate... Enzymes will not carry out biological function

Front 13

Testa

Back 13

Protects the seed from bacteria and insects... Softens when water comes through

Front 14

Cotyledon

Back 14

Stores food containing protein, fats and starches that provide energy for developing seeds

Front 15

Plumule

Back 15

Short bud

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Radicle

Back 16

Root

Front 17

Micropyle

Back 17

Small hole in testa for water absorption

Front 18

Germination

Back 18

Growth of a plant embryo after dormancy

Front 19

Photosynthesis

Back 19

Process whereby light energy from the sun will be converted into chemical energy in the form of sugar (glucose)

Front 20

Photosynthesis equation

Back 20

C02 + water ( chlorophyll + sunlight ) = glucose + oxygen

Front 21

Chloroplast

Back 21

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplast where the chlorophyll absorb the Suns energy

Front 22

Vein

Back 22

Carry out water to all plants of leaf and collect and carry the food made in the leaf cells

Front 23

Leaf margin

Back 23

The outer edge of leaf so plants don't eat the leaf so that it can make photosynthesis

Front 24

Lamina ( leaf blade)

Back 24

The surface that is positioned to receive so lights. Thin to allow light to reach all cells within leaf

Front 25

Main rib

Back 25

Provides support to the leaf

Front 26

Incisors

Back 26

Chisel like teeth located at the front of the jaw

Front 27

Canines

Back 27

Pointed teeth to puncture and tear meet

Front 28

Molars

Back 28

Large flat surfaced teeth at the back of the jaw

Front 29

Carnivore teeth

Back 29

Canines- long and sharp to kill prey and tear meet

Pointed incisors- to scrape meat off the bone

Sharp Jagged molars - to cut through meat

Front 30

Herbivores teeth

Back 30

Large flat Molars - crushing and grinding of food

Broad flat incisors - cutting plant material

Front 31

Diastema

Back 31

Herbivores have a diastema yo brake down chewed food as much as possible

Front 32

Saliva

Back 32

Contains an enzyme called amylase... Breaks down carbohydrates into complex sugars . Starch into glucose

Front 33

Peristalsis

Back 33

The movement used to pass a good bolus down the digestive system... Wave like contraction of muscles down the oesophagus

Front 34

Function of stomach

Back 34

Contains gastric pita which secret gastric juices... Contains hydrochloric acid

Front 35

Function of stomach

Back 35

Contains gastric pita which secret gastric juices... Contains hydrochloric acid

Front 36

Pancreas

Back 36

Produces pancreatic justices with contain enzymes

Protease- breaks down proteins into amino acids

Lipase - fat into fatty acids and glycerol

Amylase - complex carbohydrates into simple sugars - optimum Ph is 7.5

Front 37

Liver

Back 37

Produces bile

Front 38

Liver

Back 38

Produces bile

Front 39

Gall bladder

Back 39

Stores bile

Front 40

Chyme

Back 40

Acidic when enter duodenum

Front 41

Chyme

Back 41

Acidic when enter duodenum

Front 42

Bile duct

Back 42

Transports bile into duodenum

Front 43

Chyme

Back 43

Acidic when enter duodenum

Front 44

Bile duct

Back 44

Transports bile into duodenum

Front 45

Duodenum

Back 45

Digestion of starch, fats and protein occurs

Front 46

Chyme

Back 46

Acidic when enter duodenum

Front 47

Bile duct

Back 47

Transports bile into duodenum

Front 48

Duodenum

Back 48

Digestion of starch, fats and protein occurs

Front 49

Mouth digestion

Back 49

Physical and chemical

Front 50

Chyme

Back 50

Acidic when enter duodenum

Front 51

Bile duct

Back 51

Transports bile into duodenum

Front 52

Duodenum

Back 52

Digestion of starch, fats and protein occurs

Front 53

Mouth digestion

Back 53

Physical and chemical

Front 54

Oesophagus digestion

Back 54

Physical

Front 55

Chyme

Back 55

Acidic when enter duodenum

Front 56

Bile duct

Back 56

Transports bile into duodenum

Front 57

Duodenum

Back 57

Digestion of starch, fats and protein occurs

Front 58

Mouth digestion

Back 58

Physical and chemical

Front 59

Oesophagus digestion

Back 59

Physical

Front 60

Stomach digestion

Back 60

Chemical and physical

Front 61

Found in cell walls

Back 61

Cellulose

Front 62

Microbes

Back 62

Breaks down plant material

Front 63

Herbivore stomachs

Back 63

Do not have Pepsin... Have microbes instead

Front 64

Herbivore stomachs

Back 64

Do not have Pepsin... Have microbes instead

Front 65

Carnivore stomachs

Back 65

Have pepsin to break down protein into amino acids

Front 66

Small intestines

Back 66

3 parts

Duodenum- short segment after stomach

Jejunum- longest portion

Ileum - regulates movement of materials from small intestine to large intestine

Front 67

A matches with

Back 67

T

Front 68

A matches with

Back 68

T

Front 69

C Matches with

Back 69

G

Front 70

Gene

Back 70

Is a section of Dna that codes for a genetic trait

Front 71

Gene

Back 71

Is a section of Dna that codes for a genetic trait

Front 72

Genes make

Back 72

Proteins

Front 73

DNA made up of

Back 73

Nucleotides: phosphate, sugar and base

Front 74

Dna replicates

Back 74

Replication used for both mitosis and meiosis

Front 75

Metaphase

Back 75

Chromosomes split apart in middle of cell

Front 76

Metaphase

Back 76

Chromosomes split apart in middle of cell

Front 77

Anaphase

Back 77

Chromosomes split apart to move to either side of cell

Front 78

Metaphase

Back 78

Chromosomes split apart in middle of cell

Front 79

Anaphase

Back 79

Chromosomes split apart to move to either side of cell

Front 80

Telophase

Back 80

Cell membrane form around the identical sets of chromosomes - two cells

Front 81

Metaphase

Back 81

Chromosomes split apart in middle of cell

Front 82

Anaphase

Back 82

Chromosomes split apart to move to either side of cell

Front 83

Telophase

Back 83

Cell membrane form around the identical sets of chromosomes - two cells

Front 84

Cytokinesis

Back 84

Cell splitting creating 2 daughter cells that are identical

Front 85

Meiosis

Back 85

The form of cell division by which gametes with half the number of chromosomes are produced... Needed for sexual reproduction

Front 86

Meiosis

Back 86

The form of cell division by which gametes with half the number of chromosomes are produced... Needed for sexual reproduction

Front 87

Independent assortment

Back 87

Meiosis

Metaphase

Random alone independently of other homologous Pairs

Front 88

Variation

Back 88

Characteristics may vary from one individual to the next

Front 89

Mitosis

Back 89

2 daughter cells. For growth and repair. Asexual reproduction 1 division

Front 90

Allele

Back 90

An alternative form of a gene

Front 91

Allele

Back 91

An alternative form of a gene

Front 92

Gene

Back 92

A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait or characteristic

Front 93

Allele

Back 93

An alternative form of a gene

Front 94

Gene

Back 94

A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait or characteristic

Front 95

Zygote

Back 95

A fertilised ova. Contains full set of chromosomes

Front 96

Allele

Back 96

An alternative form of a gene

Front 97

Gene

Back 97

A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait or characteristic

Front 98

Zygote

Back 98

A fertilised ova. Contains full set of chromosomes

Front 99

Mutation

Back 99

A change in the base sequence of dna

Front 100

Allele

Back 100

An alternative form of a gene

Front 101

Gene

Back 101

A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait or characteristic

Front 102

Zygote

Back 102

A fertilised ova. Contains full set of chromosomes

Front 103

Mutation

Back 103

A change in the base sequence of dna

Front 104

Gamete

Back 104

Cell division that leads to variation produces gametes

Front 105

Allele

Back 105

An alternative form of a gene

Front 106

Gene

Back 106

A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait or characteristic

Front 107

Zygote

Back 107

A fertilised ova. Contains full set of chromosomes

Front 108

Mutation

Back 108

A change in the base sequence of dna

Front 109

Gamete

Back 109

Cell division that leads to variation produces gametes

Front 110

Variation

Back 110

The difference between individuals