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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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main purpose of lymphatic system |
recycle interstitial fluid and monitor it for infection |
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lymphatic system is ____ system |
open |
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describe lymph vessels direction flow, how? |
one direction, has valves like veins |
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how is fluid propelled through lymph valves? 2 ways |
1. smooth m in walls of larger vessels contract when stretched 2. vessels may be squeezed or compressed by movement |
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lymph system empties into... |
right arm and head into right lymphatic duct everything else into thoracic duct |
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innate v acquired immunity |
innate- fast and general acquired- slow and specific |
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how can innate immune cells recognize foreigner? example |
look for molecules expressed by pathogens and not humans ex. LPS in bacteria triggers response |
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when infectious agent enters body, who attack first? next? then what? |
macrophage first, then neutrophil, then they die and make up pus |
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two types of acquire immunity |
1. B-cell (humoral/antibody-mediated) 2. T-cell (cell-mediated) |
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how do immune cells reach site of inflammation? |
via capillaries |
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antibody-mediated immunity is promoted by _________, which do what? |
B-lymphocytes, make single type of antibody that recognizes specific antigen |
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what is antigenic determinant? |
portion of Ab that is specific and binds to An |
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what happens during primary response? |
immune response from first exposure B-lymphocyte differentiates into plasma cells and memory-B cells plasma cells circulate Ab in blood |
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plasma cells do what? where do they come from? |
B-lymphocytes mature into plasma cells circulate Ab in the blood |
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where do B-lymphocytes mature? T-lymphocytes? |
B- adult bone marrow and fetal liver T- thymus |
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B-lymphocyte differentiates into ....? T-lymphocyte ...? |
B- plasma and memory B-cells T- helper, memory, suppressor, killer/cytotoxic T-cells |
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BIG difference between B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes |
T-lymphocytes DO NOT make free Ab |
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why helper T-cells? |
assist in activating B-lymphocytes and other types of T-lymphocytes |
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why suppressor T-cells? |
play negative feedback and regulatory role |
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why killer T-cells? |
bind to An-carrying cell and release perforin, are NOT destroyed in process fight cancer and transplanted tissue |
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_____ release perforin |
killer T-cells |
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in HIV, ______ cells are attacked |
helper T-cells |
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all nucleated cells have _______ |
MHC class I molecules |
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MHC class I vs. class II |
I- display antigens derived from intracellular pathogens like viruses and some bacteria (endogenous pathway) II- display An derived from extracellular pathogens (exogenous pathway) |
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MHC class _____ displayed by phagocytic cells |
II |
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goal of both exogenous/endogenous pathways |
display that An on an MHC molecule on cell surface |
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why 2 signals to activate B- and T-cells? |
to prevent autoimmune response |
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why clonal selection |
allows immature B- and T-cells to mature and proliferate only after passing positive and negative selectio |
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describe positive and negative selection |
positive- B- and T-cells that cannot recognize MHC class I or II undergo apoptosis negative- those that respond too strongly to MHC molecules undergo apoptosis |
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if blood cell exhibits A antigen, immune system makes which Ab? |
all Ab EXCEPT A |
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type O blood, immune system makes which Ab? |
both A and B |
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describe logistics of being a blood donor |
you can only donate blood to individual that does NOT make Ab against donor blood |
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universal donor is ? |
type O blood |
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B cell immunity aka ______ immunity |
humoral |
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T cell immunity aka ______ immunity |
cell-mediated |
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_____ immune system breaks up into B and T immunity |
acquired |
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pathway of food
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mouth to esophagus to stomach to small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) to large intestine to anus |
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what does alpha-amylase do? |
chemically breaks down starch by cleaving the alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds |
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bolus vs chyme |
bolus- clump in mouth formed from chewed food, travels down esophagus chyme- semi fluid mass formed in stomach |
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how does food get from esophagus to stomach? |
through lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) |
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major anatomical regions of stomach |
fundus, body, pylorus |
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what is fundus?
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in stomach, collects excess gas produced by digestion and expands for food baby when you eat a lot, before digestion |
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what is body of stomach? |
where most digestion occurs |
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what is pylorus of stomach? |
prevents passage of undigested food into small intestine |
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______ catalyzes chemical breakdown of proteins in the _____ |
pepsin, stomach |
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_____ catalyzes chemical breakdown of carbs in the ______ |
alpha-amylase, mouth |
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full stomach has pH of ____ |
2 |
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stomach exocrine glands deliver secretions to where? |
lumen of digestive tract |
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why mucus cells? |
secrete mucus, which lubricates stomach wall and protects epithelial lining of stomach from acid |
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why chief cells? |
secrete pepsinogen, precursor to pepsin |
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how does pepsinogen become pepsin? |
low pH in stomach |
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why parietal cells? |
secrete HCl, which requires lots of energy, and intrinsic factor to help small intestine (ileum) absorb vitamin B12 |
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in the stomach, CO2 is involved in what process? |
when parietal cells secrete HCl, carbonic acid is made in cell hydrogen from carbonic acid goes to lumen side, bicarbonate ion goes to interstitial fluid side net result = lower stomach pH, higher blood pH |
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what secretes intrinsic factor? why? |
parietal cells, to increase absorption of vitamin B12 in ileum |
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why G cells? |
secrete gastrin, which stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl |
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which hormones affect secretion of stomach juices? which specifically increase HCl secretion? |
acetylcholine (all), gastrin (HCl), histamine (HCl) |
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what are the four gastric cell types |
mucus, parietal, chief, G cells |
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small intestine parts |
duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
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most digestion in small intestine occurs where? most absorption? |
digestion- duodenum absorption- jejunum and ileum |
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how does wall of small intestine differ from stomach? |
small projections called villi, that increase surface area |
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describe villi |
one villi has a capillary network and lymph vessel/lacteal |
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what absorbs fats? |
lacteals, aka lymph vessel |
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what is brush border? |
microvilli that contain membrane bound digestive enzymes |
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cells lining small intestine are called |
enterocytes |
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fluid inside duodenum has pH of ___ why? |
6, HCl from stomach is neutralized by bicarbonate ion secreted by pancreas |
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how is pancreas both exocrine and endocrine gland? |
endocrine- insulin and glucagon secretion exocrine- secretes enzymes that help digestion in small intestine (trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, lipase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease) |
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___ cells of pancreas release enzymes into ____ duct, which carries them to ____ |
acinar cells release into main pancreatic duct, carries them to small intestine (duodenum) |
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what are trypsin and chymotrypsin? |
enzymes released by acinar cells into duodenum, degrade proteins into smaller polypeptides |
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what is pancreatic amylase? |
like salivary amylase, breaking down polysaccharides, but much stronger! |
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what degrades fats? |
lipase |
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____ absorbs fats, ____ degrades fats |
lacteals absorb, lipase degrades |
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bile produced in _____ and stored in ____ |
produced in LIVER, stored in GALL BLADDER |
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why bile? |
emulsifies fat, physically separating them so that lipase can act |
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gall bladder releases ____ through ___ duct, empties into _______, then _____ |
bile through cystic duct, empties into common bile duct, then pancreatic duct |
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pathway of bile |
produced in liver, then gall bladder, then cystic duct, common bile duct, pancreatic duct, small intestine (duodenum) |
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when you see large intestine, think .... |
water absorption!!!!!! |
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5 parts of large intestine |
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum |
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symbiotic relationship between humans and bacteria where? |
large intestine |
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hormones involved in digestion are part of _____ system |
endocrine |
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what is enteric nervous system? |
large network of neurons around digestive organs help regulate processes like peristalsis, fluid exchange, blood flow, hormone release |
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____ secrete gastrin, _____ secrete pepsinogen, _____ secrete HCl |
G cells- gastrin chief cells- pepsinogen parietal cells- HCl |
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right after large meal, pH of blood leaving capillaries of stomach expected to ______ why? |
increase due to decrease in H ion conc H ion conc decreases because increase in bicarbonate to counter increase in HCl secretion |
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ALL macronutrients are digested by ______ |
hydrolysis |
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where are disaccharides digested? |
brush border of jejunum and ileum |
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lipid digestion occurs where? protein digestion? |
lipid in duodenum, protein in stomach |
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MOST chemical digestion of food in humans where? |
duodenum |
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how is glucose transported into enterocyte? |
absorbed via secondary active transport mechanism down concentration gradient of sodium |
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all carbs are absorbed into bloodstream and carried by ____ to ____ |
portal vein to liver |
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how does ____ maintain fairly stable blood glucose level? |
liver, releasing and storing glucose |
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formation of glycogen aka ____, what is the opposite? |
glycogenesis, opposite is glycogenolysis |
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glycogenolysis? |
stored glycogen reverses back to glucose and returns to blood |
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where is glycogen stored? |
muscle and liver cells |
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gluconeogenesis from proteins results in _____ |
ammonia, which is converted to urea by liver and excreted through urine |
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carbs, proteins, and fat... hydrophilic? hydrophobic? what does this mean in terms of passing cell membranes? |
carbs and proteins are hydrophilic, cannot simply diffuse through membrane fat is hydrophobic, can easily pass |
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where does most significant absorption of fat occur? |
liver and adipose tissue |
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as density of lipoproteins increase, amount of triglycerides ______, amount of cholesterol and phospholipids _____ |
decrease, decrease |
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very low-density lipoproteins have ______ triglycerides |
many |
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high-density lipoproteins have _____ triglycerides |
few |
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LDL seems to contribute to ...? and HDL seems to contribute to...? |
LDL- hardening of aa HDL- protects vs hardening of aa |
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hepatic portal vein does what |
carries all blood from digestive system to liver so that liver can process it for recirculation |
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hepatic artery does what |
blood supply that oxygenates liver |
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hepatic vein does what |
collects all blood received by liver, leads to vena cava |
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________ of liver leads into vena cava |
hepatic vein |
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how does liver aid carb metabolism |
maintains normal blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, release of glucose stores |
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how does liver aid fat metabolism |
synthesizes bile from cholesterol mobilizes fat for energy producing ketone bodies, acidity increases forms most lipoproteins |
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ketosis aka ______ |
acidosis, acidity of blood goes up when liver mobilizes fat for energy |
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how does liver aid protein metabolism |
deaminates amino acids, forms urea from ammonia |
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liver stores what things... |
blood, glycogen, vitamins (and iron) |
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______ amino acids are synthesized by liver |
nonessential |
