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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phylogenetic Tree
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branching diagram depicting hypothesis about evolutionary relationships
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INgroup
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species or group of species whose evolutionary relationship are determined to be closer
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Outgroup
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species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged early from other groups
Ex: Reptiles |
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Convergent Evolution
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when similar environments pressures and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms from diffrent evolutionary lineages
Ex: Sharks and Dolphines |
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Homologies
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similarities in organisms due to shared ancestry
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Homoplasies
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analogous structures that evolve independently in the absence of convergent evolution
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Analogies
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similarities in arrangement and shape of physical structure due to convergent evolution rather than shared ancestry
Ex: Australian vs European Mole Ex: Bray wolf vs Tasmanian Wolf |
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Unikonts
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*consist of species of ameba, most of which have lobe-like pseudopodia
*Also includes fungi and animals |
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Archaeplastids
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includes red and greed algae as well as terrestrial plants
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Green Algae
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Occur symbiotically with other organisms as in lichens
(fungi + algae) |
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Terrestrial Adaptations
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1) Overcame Dehydration
2) Overcame unfiltered sunlight 3)Benefited from abundance of CO2 4) Benefited from mineral rich soil 5) Benefited from scarcity of herbivores (plant eater) and pathogens (disease- causing agent) |
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Green Algae-Morphological Similaries
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1) Multicelular Eukaryotes
2)Photosynthetic autorophs 3)Chloroplasts with chlorophyll A and B 4)Cell Walls made of Cellulose |
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Alternation of Generations
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when life cycles alternate between two multicellular bodies with each generation producing the other
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Sporophytes
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make spores by meiosis that form gametophytes that make the sperm and egg which fertilizes to make the sporophyte
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Gametophytes
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stage in which haploid (n) gametes are produced by mitosis (to maintain the haploid amount)
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Bryophytes
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*Gametophyte generation is Dominant
*Seedless, non-vascular (no xylem and Phloem) plants |
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Ferns
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* Sporophyte generation is dominant
*Seedless vascular (xylem and phloem) plants |
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Heterospory
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difference in spores
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Megasporangia
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(in mega-sporophylis ) produce mega-spores that give rise to female gametophytes
*1 mega spores is produced |
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Microsporangia
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( in microsporoporphylis) produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes
*many microspores are produced |
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Monocots
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1) Single cotyledon
2) Parallel Lear Veins 3) Scattered Vascular Tissue 4) Fibrous root system |
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Dicots
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1) Double cotyledon
2) Net-like leaf Veins 3) Ringed vascular tissue 4) Taproot system |
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Xylem
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transports water and dissolved materials upwards, from roots to shoots (xylem is closer to the center)
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Phloem
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transports organic nutrients from leaves downward to roots, also to growth (leaves and fruit)
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Meristems
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perpetually embryonic tissues (never stop growing)
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Apical Meristems
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Located in tips of roots and buds of Shoots
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Lateral Meristems
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located along the length of roots and stems
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Root Cap
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Protected the root tip as the root grows, also secretes slime
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Zone of maturation
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Area where cells complete differentiation and growth
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Zone of elongation
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Area Root Lengthening, pushing root tip into soil
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Zone of Cell Division
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area of new root cell production including root tip (newest cells)
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Stele
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Vascular cylinder composed of the xylem and phloem in most plants
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Pericycle
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cells which lateral roots arise, the out-most cells in stele
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Shoot apical Meristems (SAM)
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Dome shaped mass of cells at shoot top
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Leaf Primordia
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finger-like leaf projections along the sides of the SAM
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