Bio 6 Chapter 46 Animal Development

Front 1

Reproduction in animal kingdom

Back 1

asexual, sexual reproduction.

Front 2

Asexual reproduction

Back 2

generation of new individuals without the fusion of egg and sperm, relies almost entirely on mitotic divisions.

Front 3

Sexual reproduction

Back 3

fusion of haploid gametes to form a diploid cell, the zygote.

Front 4

Egg

Back 4

Female gamete

Front 5

Sperm

Back 5

Male gamete

Front 6

Mechanisms of invertebrate asexual reproduction

Back 6

fission, budding, fragmentation, regeneration, parthenogenesis.

Front 7

Invertebrate fission

Back 7

separation of a parent organism into two individuals of approximately equal size. ex... sea anemone

Front 8

Invertebrate budding

Back 8

new individuals arise from out growths of existing ones. ex... hydra.

Front 9

Invertebrate fragmentation

Back 9

breaking of the body into several pieces.

Front 10

Invertebrate Regeneration

Back 10

regrowth of lost body parts. ex.. starfish growing new arms.

Front 11

Invertebrate parthenogenesis

Back 11

asexual reproduction in which an egg develops without being fertilized. ex... bees goes both ways asexual and sexual.

Front 12

Ovulation

Back 12

release of mature eggs occurring at the midpoint of each cycle, occurs when sufficient energy sources and environmental conditions are ideal.

Front 13

Ovulation Environmental cues

Back 13

photoperiodism, temperature changes, rainfall, lunar cycles.

Front 14

Hermaphroditism

Back 14

Each individual has both male and female reproductive systems, any two individuals can mate (donating and receiving sperm), and are capable of self-fertilization.

Front 15

Fertilization

Back 15

union of sperm and egg.

Front 16

External fertilization

Back 16

the female releases egg into the environment where the male then fertilizes them. requires a moist habitat to prevent desiccation and to allow sperm to swim, triggered by chemical signals, triggered by environmental cues.

Front 17

Internal Fertilization

Back 17

sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract and fertilization occurs within the tract, requires compatible reproductive system and cooperative mating.

Front 18

Internal Fertilization few gametes

Back 18

higher survival rate of zygotes.

Front 19

Internal Fertilization zygotes

Back 19

are sheltered from potential predators.

Front 20

Internal Fertilization eggs

Back 20

are surrounded by a calcium and protein containing shell, prevents physical damage, prevents water loss.

Front 21

Internal Fertilization embryo

Back 21

is retained for a portion of its development within the female reproductive tract.

Front 22

Marsupials

Back 22

short gestation, completing development in pich attached to a mammary gland.

Front 23

Eutherians

Back 23

long gestation, remaining in the uterus, receiving nutrients through the placenta by the mother's blood supply.

Front 24

Reproductive Systems

Back 24

Gonads, cloaca, spermatheca.

Front 25

Gonads

Back 25

organs that produce gametes

Front 26

Cloaca

Back 26

single urogenital opening

Front 27

Spermatheca

Back 27

sac in which sperm may be stored within the female reproductive system for extended periods. ex... queen bee's.

Front 28

Vagina

Back 28

Repository for sperm; birth control

Front 29

Cervix

Back 29

neck of uterus-opens into vagina

Front 30

Uterus

Back 30

muscular organ that serves as site for pregnancy (womb)

Front 31

Endometrium

Back 31

thick, muscular wall containing a blood-rich layer of tissue that lines the uterus.

Front 32

Endometriosis

Back 32

Disorder in which some cells of the uterine lining migrate to an abnormal abdominal location.

Front 33

Ovary

Back 33

Female Gonad, produces eggs

Front 34

Follicle

Back 34

Structure on ovary, contains partially developed egg surrounded by support cells.

Front 35

Oviduct (Fallopian tubes)

Back 35

catches egg and delivers it to the uterus.

Front 36

Mammary glands

Back 36

present in both sexes, but only produce milk in females.

Front 37

Testes

Back 37

male gonads; produces sperm.

Front 38

Scrotum

Back 38

pouch of skin outside the abdomen that houses the testes (keeps sperm fertile)

Front 39

Penis

Back 39

Copulatory structure in male.

Front 40

Semen

Back 40

fluid that is ejaculated from the male during orgasm (5%= 200-500 million sperm; 95% fluid secreted by glands)

Front 41

Seminal Vesicles

Back 41

60% volume of semen; contains mucus, fructose, coagulating enzyme, ascorbc acid, prostaglandins.

Front 42

Prostate Gland

Back 42

thin, milking fluid that contains anticoagulant enzymes and citrate.

Front 43

Prostate Cancer

Back 43

afflicts over 50% of men over 65 (most common human cancer).

Front 44

Noncancerous prostate cancer

Back 44

benign enlargement of prostate in over 50% of men over 40.

Front 45

Gametogenesis

Back 45

spermatogenesis, oogenesis, ovarian cycle, menstrual cycle, menopause.

Front 46

Spermatogenesis

Back 46

formation and development of sperm cells, continuous and prolific in adult males, new sperm are created every day, process takes about 7 weeks-completed before sperm leaves testes.

Front 47

Oogenesis

Back 47

formation and development of mature eggs, begins at puberty and ends at menopause, females are born with all their eggs, pauses at birth and resumes at puberty, takes 28 days to mature.

Front 48

Ovarian Cycle

Back 48

controls maturation and release of the egg from the ovaries.

Front 49

Menstral (uterine) cycle

Back 49

preparing the uterus for the possible implantation of an embryo. If pregnancy does not occur, the uterine lining is sloughed off, and another cycle begins

Front 50

Menopause

Back 50

Cessation of menstuation and ovulation, ends approx after 500 cycles, occurs from the ages of 45-55 years.

Front 51

Gestation

Back 51

carring of one or more developing embryos in the uterus.

Front 52

Embryo

Back 52

developmental stage from first division of zygote until body structures begin to appear (9th week)

Front 53

Fetus

Back 53

Developmental stage from the 9th week until birth

Front 54

Placenta

Back 54

Organ that provides nourishment and oxygen to the embryo; helps dispose of metabolic wastes.

Front 55

First Trimester

Back 55

all major organs, body parts, limbs with finger, toes are developing, heart beings beating during this stage, fetus is approx 5cm long.

Front 56

Second trimester

Back 56

General refinement of human features, fingernails, toenails, and hair are present, eyes are open, and teeth are forming, fetus is approx 30 cm long and weighs about 0.5kg pound.

Front 57

Third Trimester

Back 57

Circulatory/ respiratory system undergo changes to start breathing air, fetus rotates, pointing downward, at birth babies on average are 50 cm long and weigh 3-4 kg.

Front 58

Labor

Back 58

Series of strong rhythmic contractions that result in the birth of the baby.

Front 59

Estrogen

Back 59

triggers formation of oxytocin receptors

Front 60

Oxytocin

Back 60

Stimulates contraction in uterine walls

Front 61

Infertility In Males

Back 61

Low sperm count, defective sperm, erectile dysfunction.

Front 62

Infertility In Females

Back 62

Lack of eggs or failure to ovulate, blocked oviducts, hormonal imbalances.

Front 63

Contraception

Back 63

ways to prevent pregnancy

Front 64

Sexually transmitted diseases

Back 64

Contagious disease spread through sexual contact.

Front 65

Viral STDs

Back 65

ability to infect others and remain throughout a person's life, can be controlled by medication but generally not curable. ex. HIV, HSVI and HSVII

Front 66

Excretion

Back 66

Elimination of Metabolic waste products, especially N-containing compounds.

Front 67

Protonephridia (platyhelminthes) *flatworms*

Back 67

Network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings. Water, solutes enter flame bulb where filtration occurs. Urine is moved through tubules, exiting through nephridopores. Function = osmoregulation.

Front 68

Metanepheridia (annelids) *roundworms*

Back 68

Tubules with internal openings, fluid is filtered through nephrostomes and collecting tubules before exiting through nephridiopores as urine. Functions= osmoregulation, excretion.

Front 69

Malpighian Tubules (Anthropods)

Back 69

Open into digestive tract, dead end tips imersed in Hemolymph from which wastes and solutes are secreted, most solutes are returned to hemolymph while uric acid and feces are excreted. Functions= Osmoregulation, excretion.

Front 70

Kidneys (vertebrates)

Back 70

compact organs containing numerous, highly organized tubules. Dense network of capillaries closely associated with tubules. Functions= osmoregulation and excretion

Front 71

Kidneys (mammals)

Back 71

Nephrons, glomerulus, bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tube, decending loop of henle, asecending loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct.

Front 72

Nephron

Back 72

single long tubule+ ball of capillaries (1,000,000/kidney); functional unit.

Front 73

Glomerulus

Back 73

Ball of Capillaries

Front 74

Bowman's capsule

Back 74

cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus

Front 75

Proximal Convoluted Tuble

Back 75

*diagram* secretion (H ions, ammonia, drugs/toxins) and reabsorption (bicarbonate, nutrients, salt, water) occur here.

Front 76

Decending Loop of Henle

Back 76

reabsorpton of water continues here but impermeable to salt.

Front 77

Ascending Loop of Henle

Back 77

reabsorption of water continues here permeable to salt, but not to water.

Front 78

Distal convoluted tubule

Back 78

regulated K ions, secreted into filtrates, salt re absorption, pH by secretion of H ions and re absorption of bicardbonate.

Front 79

Collecting Duct

Back 79

reabsorbs salt, increasingly reabsorbs water.