Bio

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carbohydrates

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a molecule composed for sugar subunits that contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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polymer

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a molecule composed of three or more subunits

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monosaccarides

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a single sugar unit

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isomer

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one of a group of chemicals that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of the atoms

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disaccharide

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a sugar formed by the joining of two monosaccaride subunits

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dehydration synthesis

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the process by which larger molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules

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hydrolysis

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the process by which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules by the addition of water

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polysaccharide

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a carbohydrate composed of many single sugar subunits

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starch

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a plant carbohydrate used to store energy

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glycogen

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the form of carbohydrate storage in animals

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cellulose

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a plant polysaccaride that makes up plant cell walls

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triglyceride

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a lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

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fat

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a lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids ;solid at room temperature

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oil

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a lips composed of glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids ;liquid at room temperature

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phospholipid

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a lipid with a phosphate molecule attached to the glycerol backbone making the molecule polar; the major components of cell membranes

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wax

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a long-chain lipid that is insoluble in water

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protein

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a chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of cells or act as antibodies or enzymes

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amino acids

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a chemical that contains nitrogen; can be linked together to form proteins

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peptide bond

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the bond that joins amino acids

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polypeptide

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a chain of three or more amino acids

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essential amino acids

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an amino acid that must be obtained from the diet

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denaturation

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the process that occurs when the bonds of a peptide bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted causing a temporary change in shape

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coagulation

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the process that occurs when the bonds of a perotein molecule are disrupted causing a permentent change in shape

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catalyst

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a chemical that increases the rate of chemical reactions without altering the products or being altered itself

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enzyme

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a protein catalyst that permits chemical reactions to proceed at low temperatures

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substrate

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a molecule on which an enzyme works

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active site

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the areas of an enzyme that combines with the substrate

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cofactor

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an inorganic ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate molecule

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coenzyme

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an organic molecule synthesized from a vitamin that helps an enzyme to combine with a substrate molecule

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competitive inhibitor

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a molecule with a shape complementary to a specific enzyme that competes with the substrate for access to the active site of the enzyme and blocks chemical reactions

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precursor activity

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the activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathways by the initial substrate

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allosteric activity

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a change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule

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feedback inhibition

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the inhibition of an enzyme in a metobolic pathway by the final product of that pathway

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peristalsis

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rhythmic wavelike contractions of muscle that move food along the gastrointestinal tract

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mucus

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a protective lubricating substance composed mostly of protein

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pepsin

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a protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach

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sphincter

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a constrictor muscle that regulates the opening and closing of a tubelike structure

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ulcer

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a lesion on the surface of an organ

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duodenum

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the first segment of the small intestine

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villi

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small fingerlike projections that extend into the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption

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microvilli

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microscopic fingerlike projections of the ceel membrane

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capillary

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a blood vessel that connects arteries and veins the site of fluid and gas exchange

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lacteal

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a small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion tot be circulatory system

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secretin

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a hormone released from the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions

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enterokinase

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and enzyme of the small intestine that converts trypsinogen to trypsin

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trypsin

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a protein-digesting enzyme

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erepsin

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an enzyme that completes protein digestion by converting short-chain peptides to amino acids

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lipase

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a lipid-digesting enzyme

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bile salt

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a component of bile that breaks down large fat gobules

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cholecystokinin

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a hormone secreted by the small intestine that stimulates the release of bile salts

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detoxify

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to remove the effects and of poison

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gallstone

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crystalsb of bile salts that form in the gallbladder

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jaundice

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the yellowish discoloration of the skin and other tissues brought about by the collection of bile pigments in the blood

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cirrhosis

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chronic inflammation of the liver tissue characterized by the growth of non functioning fibrous tissue

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colon

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the largest segment of the large intestine where water reabsorption occurs

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gastrin

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a hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates the release of HCL

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enterogastrone

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a hormone secreted by the small intestine that decreases gastric secretions and motility