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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hormones are released by _____ glands |
endocrine |
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endocrine vs exocrine |
endocrine- release hormones directly into bloodstream exocrine- release enzymes into external environment through ducts |
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4 types of exocrine glands |
sebaceous, sudoriferous, mucus, digestive |
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how to regulate hormones, involving receptors |
reduction or increase of receptor type in the presence of high/low concentrations of its hormone |
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3 basic types of hormones |
peptide, steroid, tyrosine derivatives |
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what is the effector? |
target cell, the one with the receptor |
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peptide hormones are ______ soluble, meaning what can they NOT do? what can they do? |
water, travel freely in blood but have trouble diffusing through cell membrane of effector attach to membrane-bound receptor instead |
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peptide hormones attach where? then what happens? |
membrane-bound receptor, can then activate an enzyme and second messenger system |
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all peptide hormones manufactured in ______ as _______ |
rough ER as preprohormones |
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what are preprohormones? where they come from? |
stage 1 of peptide hormone, larger than active hormone comes from rough ER, where it is cleaved to become prohormone |
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what is prohormone? where they come from? where they go? |
result of cleavage of preprohormone in rough ER transported to Golgi apparatus |
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prohormone goes to Golgi, then what? |
prohormone is cleaved, sometimes modified with carbs to produce final hormone |
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what are the anterior pituitary hormones? |
FSH, LH, ACTH, HGH, TSH, prolactin |
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how to remember anterior pituitary hormones? |
FLAT PiG (G is growth hormone) |
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what are the posterior pituitary hormones? |
ADH and oxytocin |
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differences between peptide and steroid hormones |
steroid hormones CAN diffuse through cell membrane and are formed in SMOOTH ER, unlike peptide |
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polar hormones tend to bind where? |
extracellular receptors |
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nonpolar steroid hormones tend to bind where? |
cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors (inside) |
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glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids of adrenal cortex are examples of _____ hormones... what are they? |
steroid cortisol and aldosterone |
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gonadal hormones are examples of _____ hormones... what are they? |
steroid estrogen, progesterone, testosterone |
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what are the steroid hormones ? |
cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone |
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steroid hormones are _____ soluble |
lipid |
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tyrosine derivatives include... |
thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) |
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T3 and T4 are... |
thyroid hormones, contain 3 and 4 iodine atoms respectively T3= triiodothyronine, T4= thyroxine lipid-soluble (nonpolar) |
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what are the catecholamines? where are they formed? |
epinephrine and norepinephrine formed in adrenal medulla water-soluble (polar) |
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tyrosine derivative hormones are formed where? |
enzymes in cytosol of rough ER |
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tyrosine derivatives are _____ soluble |
BOTH. thyroid hormones- lipid catecholamines- water |
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if blood glucose is high, what would be expected to happen? who does it? |
release of insulin by beta cells of pancreas affects carb, fat, protein metabolism |
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if blood glucose is low, what would be expected to happen? who does it? |
insulin is low, glucagon is released by alpha cells of pancreas stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis |
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posterior pituitary gland does what? |
serves as storage site for hormones synthesized by hypothalamus |
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what hormones are secreted by posterior pituitary gland? |
anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin |
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ADH aka _____, what does it do? |
vasopressin, stimulates receptors on cells of kidney's collecting ducts to facilitate reabsorption of water, increases blood pressure |
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do changes in ADH level occur slowly or rapidly? |
rapidly |
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what does oxytocin do? |
involved in stimulation of labor and milk ejection |
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how to remember which glands secrete peptide hormones? |
P-med pituitary (ant/post), pancreas, parathyroid and thyroid C cells, placenta and blastocyst AND adrenal medulla |
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how to remember which glands secrete steroid hormones? |
Sex (testes, ovum, placenta) and Stress (adrenal cortex) |
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differences between anterior and posterior pituitary gland |
posterior- extension of nervous system anterior- group of endocrine cells, more closely regulated by hypothalamus |
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which is more closely regulated by hypothalamus, anterior or posterior pit? why? |
anterior, because it is located right below hypothalamus |
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anterior pituitary gland does what? |
releases hormones that regulate secretion of steroid (nonpolar) hormones |
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what does parathyroid gland do? |
release PTH in response to low calcium levels |
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PTH receptors are present on _______ |
osteoblasts |
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release of PTH = more _______ activity, leading to what? |
more osteoclast activity, increased bone breakdown, calcium released |
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thyroid gland does what? |
responsible for BMR (thyroid hormones T3 and T4) regulate blood calcium (calcitonin) |
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high levels of thyroid hormones causes what to happen to BMR? |
increase |
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what does calcitonin do? who releases it? |
released by C cells of thyroid in response to rising calcium levels acts as inhibitor while PTH does opposite, levels of calcium decrease |
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describe relationship between PTH and calcitonin |
PTH causes blood calcium increase, calcitonin causes blood calcium decrease |
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describe regulation of calcium. who does what, where does it come from? |
parathyroid gland releases PTH, increases blood calcium thyroid gland releases calcitonin, decreases blood calcium |
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insulin and glucagon are secreted by ______ |
pancreas |
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insulin released when blood glucose is too ______, glucagon released when blood glucose is too ____ |
insulin- high, glucagon- low |
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catecholamines are _____ derivatives |
amine |
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adrenal medulla does what? |
stress response secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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adrenal cortex does what? |
blood pressure regulation, stress response secretes cortisol and aldosterone |
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two categories of hormones secreted by adrenal cortex |
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoid |
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major glucocorticoid |
cortisol |
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major mineralocorticoid |
aldosterone |
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cortisol does what? secreted by what? |
increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis in liver long term stress, secreted by adrenal cortex |
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aldosterone does what? secreted by what? |
stimulates increased reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-, increased secretion of K+ and H+ secretion causes increased water reabsorption and plasma volume, secreted by adrenal cortex |
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aldosterone is a major _____ secreted by the _____ |
mineralocorticoid, adrenal cortex |
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cortisol is a major _______ secreted by the _____ |
glucocorticoid, adrenal cortex |
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testes and ovaries release hormones in response to _____ |
regulation by anterior pituitary example of peptide regulating steroid |
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how many adrenal glands? what are they, what do they secrete? |
1. adrenal cortex, produces steroids (cortisol and aldosterone) 2. adrenal medulla, produces catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) |
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thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH does what? where does it come from? |
stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4 via second messenger system using cAMP comes from anterior pituitary |
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) does what? |
stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (cortisol) via second messenger system using cAMP |
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human growth hormone HGH aka ______ does what? |
somatotropin stimulates growth in almost all cells of body |
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prolactin does what? |
promotes lactation by breasts |
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why is milk not normally produced before birth? |
inhibitory effects of progesterone and estrogen on milk production |
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milk production by ________, milk ejection by _____ |
production by prolactin, ejection by oxytocin |
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what regulates PTH secretion? |
concentration of calcium ions in blood |
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what are the thyroid hormones? |
triiodothyronine T3, thyroxine T4, and calcitonin |
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where is thyroid located? |
along trachea in front of vocal cords |
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how to remember what calcitonin does? |
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where are adrenal glands located? |
top of kidney |
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what is end result of aldosterone secretion? |
concentration of salt in bloodstream remains constant while the blood volume rises |
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pancreas acts as ______ gland |
endocrine AND exocrine !!!!!!!!!! |
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in presence of insulin, what happens to carbs/fat/proteins? |
carbs stored as glycogen in liver and mm, fat is stored in adipose tissue, amino acids taken up by cells and made into proteins |
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upon binding of insulin, what happens to cells? |
become highly permeable to glucose |
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delta cells of pancreas release _______, does what? |
somatostatin, inhibits both insulin and glucagon |
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Type I diabates |
autoimmune immune system attacks beta cells |
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if patient exposed to more thyroxine, what happens to TSH production? |
decreases due to negative feedback |
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what are tropic hormones? |
released from one gland and cause downstream release of other hormones from their target endocrine glands |
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what are the blood chemistry hormones? |
control concentrations of sodium, calcium, and glucose in bloodstream |
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if person eats lots of chips and has high salt in body, what is primary hormonal response? |
ADH would be high, to absorb free water and decrease plasma osmolarity |
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if person drinks WAY too much water and has low salt in body, what is primary hormonal response? |
ADH low, to promote excretion of water in urine |
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if person has not had anything to drink in very long time and blood volume is low, what is primary hormonal response? |
aldosterone initially high, to promote increase of blood volume without affecting blood osmolarity |
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person in desert, feels like he's going to pass out, very extreme conditions, what is primary hormonal response? |
aldosterone will increase because blood volume is low HOWEVER, ADH will be high because body will sacrifice blood sodium levels for volume |
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which hormones determine metabolic rate? |
T3 and T4, released by thyroid gland |
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what are gonads? |
organs involved in production of gametes (testes and ovaries) |
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where is sperm produced? |
seminiferous tubules |
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Sertoli cells found where? what stimulates them? |
line the seminiferous tubules stimulated by FSH |
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Leydig cells found where? what stimulates them? |
interstitium of tubules stimulated by LH |
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____ cells release testosterone |
Leydig |
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what is spermatogonium? |
sperm stem cell BEFORE meiosis |
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what is spermatocyte? |
once sperm stem cell enters meiosis |
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what is spermatid? |
sperm stem cell AFTER meiosis |
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spermatid becomes ______ how? |
sperm, loses cytoplasm and forms head, midpiece, and tail |
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what is acrosome? |
makes up head of sperm, contains enzymes to penetrate egg during fertilization |
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mnemonic for male reproductive system |
SEVEN UP seminal vesicle, epididymus, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, nothing, urethra, penis |
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where after seminiferous tubule ? |
epididymus |
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what happens during ejaculation? |
sperm propelled through vas deferens into urethra and out of penis |
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ovarian cycle has two parts |
1. follicular phase- begins with follicle development and ends at ovulation 2. luteal phase- begins with ovulation and ends with degeneration of corpus luteum |
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totipotent vs multipotent vs pluripotent stem cells |
totipotent- can become any cell, placenta, or embryo multipotent- can replace cells of particular lineage, like skin/liver/blood pluripotent- can become any one of initial 3 germ layers |
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where does fertilization take place? what happens? |
Fallopian tubes, nuclei of ovum and sperm fuse to form zygote |
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what is cortical reaction? |
prevents other sperm from entering and fertilizing the same egg |
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mnemonic to remember order of embryo development stages |
Many Babies Get Naps morula, blastocyst, gastrula, neurula |
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morula? |
when zygote has over 16 cells |
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blastocyst? |
hollow ball filled with fluid and has small cell mass on one side forms after morula lodges in uterus- implantation |
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how is placenta formed? |
outer cells of blastocyst implant in uterine wall and fuse with uterine tissue |
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outer blastocyst cells become ______, inner blastocyst cells become ______ |
outer- placenta inner- embryo |
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stem cells are ____potent |
pluri |
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female is said to be pregnant when? |
upon implantation |
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what is HCG, what kind of hormone? what it do? |
human chorionic gonadotropin peptide hormone, prevents degeneration of corpus luteum and maintains secretion of progesterone and estrogen |
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what is first outward sign of pregnancy? |
HCG in blood and urine |
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gastrula? |
third step in embryo development during gastrulation, three primary germ layers formed |
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when are 3 primary germ layers formed, what are they? |
gastrulation endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm |
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neurula? |
stage 4 of embryonic development |
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induction, regarding cells, occurs when? |
when one cell type affects direction of differentiation of another cell type |
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nervous system comes from ______, derived from ____ |
neural tube, derived from ectoderm |
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describe what happens in each trimester? |
first- mostly development second- growth and development third- mostly growth |
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when is embryo considered fetus? |
9 weeks, when major organs are developing into their final locations |
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increasing levels of estrogen during menstrual cycle stimulates what? |
positive feedback response, stimulate LH secretion by anterior pituitary |
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degeneration of corpus luteum occurs when? |
when fertilization of egg and implantation did NOT happen |
