Bio 5

Front 1

Molecule

Back 1

The chemical components of cells

Front 2

Cell

Back 2

The smallest unit of life

Front 3

Tissue

Back 3

A group of similar cells that perform the same function

Front 4

Organ

Back 4

A structure with two or more tissues working together to perform a function

Front 5

Organ systems

Back 5

At least two organs working together to perform a function

Front 6

Individual

Back 6

A single organism

Front 7

Population

Back 7

All individuals of the same species in an area

Front 8

Community

Back 8

All the species in an ecosystem that can interact

Front 9

Ecosystem

Back 9

A community and its physical environment

Front 10

Biosphere

Back 10

The part of the earth that supports life

Front 11

Metabolism

Back 11

All the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of living things

Front 12

Homeostasis

Back 12

The relatively constant and self-correcting internal environment of a living organism

Front 13

Scientific method

Back 13

A logical approach to gathering information and reaching conclusions

Front 14

Inductive reasoning

Back 14

The accumulation of facts through observation until finally there are enough facts to draw a conclusion or develop a testable hypothesis

Front 15

Deductive reasoning

Back 15

Making a general statement, often in the format of an if-then statement, then drawing more specific conclusion from it

Front 16

Clinical trials

Back 16

Consist of several experimentalgroups that receive different dosages of the drug and a control group thatreceives a placebo (asubstance made to look like the drug being tested)

Front 17

Double-blind study

Back 17

Occurs when neither researchers norparticipants know which group is receiving the treatment

Front 18

Epidemiological studies

Back 18

Look for patterns that occur inlarge populations

Front 19

Element

Back 19

Made of many atoms that are all the same

Front 20

Molecule

Back 20

A chemical structure held together by covalent bonds

Front 21

Ion

Back 21

Anatom or group of atoms with a positive or negative electrical charge

Front 22

Compounds

Back 22

Two or more elements may combine

Front 23

Chemical bonds

Back 23

Atoms in a compound are held together by

Front 24

Covalent

Back 24

Sharing of electrons between atoms

Front 25

Ionic

Back 25

Transfer of electrons between atoms creates oppositely charged ions that are attracted to one another

Front 26

Hydrogen

Back 26

Attractions between a hydrogen atom with a slight positive charge and another atom (often oxygen) with a slight negative charge.

Front 27

Acids

Back 27

Release hydrogen ions when placed in water

Front 28

Bases

Back 28

Produce hydroxide ions when added to water

Front 29

pH

Back 29

The lower the pH, the grater the acidity and the higher the pH, the more basic a solution

Front 30

Buffers

Back 30

Prevent dramatic change in pH

Front 31

Biological macromolecules

Back 31

Giant molecules of life, are long chains called polymers made of repeating unites called monomers

Front 32

Major molecules of life

Back 32

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids

Front 33

Dehydration synthesis

Back 33

Polymers are built up and water is removed

Front 34

Hydrolysis

Back 34

Same molecules are broken apart and water is added

Front 35

Carbohydrates

Back 35

Polymers, made of monosaccharides. For example, Glucose and fructose

Front 36

Polysaccharides

Back 36

Chains of monosaccharides that store energy or provide structure

Front 37

Glycogen

Back 37

Storage of polysaccharide in animals

Front 38

Cellulose

Back 38

An indigestible (to humans) polysaccharide made of repeating units of glucose

Front 39

Lipids

Back 39

Water-insoluble molecules, Store long-term energy, Protect vital organs, From cell membranes

Front 40

Triglycerides

Back 40

Made of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids. Examples: Fats and oils

Front 41

Unsaturated fatty acids

Back 41

Have double bonds between carbon atoms

Front 42

Saturated fatty acids

Back 42

Do not have double bonds between carbon atoms

Front 43

Phospholipids

Back 43

The main components of plasma membranes

Front 44

Phospholipids have?

Back 44

A glycerol head that is polar and hydrophilic, A fatty acid tail that is non polar and hydrophobic

Front 45

Steroids

Back 45

Lipid that consists of four carbon rings attached to molecules that vary from one steroid to the next. For example: Estrogen and testosterone

Front 46

Proteins

Back 46

Amino acids, Polypeptide chains of at least 50 amino acids

Front 47

Peptide bonds

Back 47

Amino acids that form proteins that are linked by bonds

Front 48

Peptides

Back 48

Chains of only a few amino acids

Front 49

Polypeptides

Back 49

Chains of 10 or more amino acids

Front 50

Denaturation

Back 50

The change in the chemical environment of a protein can cause it to lose its structure, resulting in a loss of function

Front 51

Enzymes

Back 51

Speed up chemical reactions without being consumed

Front 52

Nucleic acids

Back 52

DNA and RNA, Polymers of nucleotides

Front 53

Nucleotide

Back 53

Phosphate, Pentose sugar, and Nitrogen containing base

Front 54

RNA

Back 54

Single stranded, Has the sugar ribose, Has the nitrogen containing base adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

Front 55

DNA

Back 55

Two strands that form a distinctive double helix, Has the sugar deoxyribose, Hat the nitrogen containing bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

Front 56

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 56

A molecule capable of storing every in its phosphate to phosphate bonds, often described as the energy currency of cells

Front 57

Cell differentiation

Back 57

Webegin life as only one cell, that cell differentiates into many specializedcells

Front 58

Plasma membrane

Back 58

The outer boundary of the cell, Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

Front 59

Plasma membrane function

Back 59

Maintains the structural integrity of the cell, Regulates movement of substances intend out of the cell, Provides recognition between cells, Provides communication between cells

Front 60

Passive transport

Back 60

Movement across the membrane that doesn’trequire energy

Front 61

Active transport

Back 61

Movement across the membrane thatrequires energy

Front 62

Simple diffusion

Back 62

Random movement from region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration

Front 63

Facilitated diffusion

Back 63

Movement from region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration with the aid of a carrier of channel protein

Front 64

Osmosis

Back 64

Movement of water from region of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to region of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration)

Front 65

Active transport

Back 65

Movement, often from region of lower concentration to region of higher concentration, with the aid of a warrior protein and energy, usually from ATP

Front 66

Endocytosis

Back 66

Process by which materials are engulfed by plasma membrane and drawn into cell in a vesicle

Front 67

Exocytosis

Back 67

Process by which a membrane bound vesicle from inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane and spills contents outside the cell

Front 68

Nucleus

Back 68

Containsalmost all of the genetic information of the cell, the DNA, Organized into chromosomes

Front 69

Nucleolus

Back 69

Contains almost all the genetic information and influences cellular structure and function, Within the nucleus, Involved in the production of ribosomal RNA

Front 70

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 70

Anextensive network of channels connected to the plasma membrane, the nuclearenvelope, and certain organelles

Front 71

Roughendoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Back 71

Studded with ribosomes (sites where the synthesis of proteins begins), Produces membrane

Front 72

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Back 72

Detoxifies drugs, Produces membrane

Front 73

Golgi complex

Back 73

Sorts, modifies, and packages products of RER

Front 74

Lysosomes

Back 74

Digest substances imported from outside the cell, Destroy old or defective cell parts

Front 75

Mitochondria

Back 75

Provide cell with energy through the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration

Front 76

Cytoskeleton

Back 76

Providesshape and support for the cell, Iscomposed of microtubules, intermediatefilaments, and microfilaments, Transportation highway to moveorganelles

Front 77

Centrioles

Back 77

Composed ofmicrotubules arranged in a ring, May function in cell division andin the formation of cilia and flagella

Front 78

Microtubules

Back 78

Responsiblefor the structure and movement of cilia and flagella

Front 79

Cilia

Back 79

Numerous short extensions in a cellthat move back and forth (on cells lining the respiratory tract)

Front 80

Flagella

Back 80

In humans, found only on spermcells

Front 81

Cell metabolism

Back 81

Includes all of the chemicalreactions that take place in a cell

Front 82

Catabolism

Back 82

Complex molecules are broken downinto simpler compounds, Energy is released

Front 83

Fourphases of cellular respiration

Back 83

Glycolysis, Transition reaction, Citric acid cycle, Electron transport chain

Front 84

Glycolysis

Back 84

Occurs in the cytoplasm, splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules, Does not require oxygen

Front 85

Transition reaction

Back 85

Occurs within the mitochondria, C02 is removed from each pyruvate

Front 86

Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

Back 86

Occurs within the mitochondria, Acetyl CoA enters the critic acid cycle, requires oxygen

Front 87

Electron transport chain

Back 87

Occurs within the mitochondria (inner membrane), Releases energy that results in 32 ATP, Requires oxygen

Front 88

Fermentation

Back 88

Breakdownof glucose without oxygen, Takes place entirely in thecytoplasm, Very inefficient

Front 89

Fourprimary tissue types

Back 89

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Front 90

Epithelial tissue

Back 90

Covers the body surfaces, Lines cavities and organs, Forms glands

Front 91

Connective tissue

Back 91

Provides support and protection for organs, Serves as a storage site for fat, Participates our immunity

Front 92

Muscle tissue

Back 92

Body movement, Movement of fluids through the body

Front 93

Nervous tissue

Back 93

Conducts nerve impulses through the body

Front 94

Squamous epithelium

Back 94

Flat

Front 95

Cuboidal epithelium

Back 95

Cube-shaped

Front 96

Columnar epithelium

Back 96

Column-shaped

Front 97

Simple epithelial cells

Back 97

Single layer of cells

Front 98

Stratified epithelial cells

Back 98

Multiple layers of cells

Front 99

Exocrine glands

Back 99

Secrete into ducts leading to bodysurfaces, cavities or organs

Front 100

Endocrine glands

Back 100

Lack ducts and secrete theirproducts, hormones, into tissue fluid just outside the cells

Front 101

Protein fibers

Back 101

Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers, Produced by fibroblasts, which are also responsible for tissue repair

Front 102

Ground substance

Back 102

Noncellular material, May be solid (bone), fluid (blood),or gelatinous (cartilage)

Front 103

Areolarconnective tissue

Back 103

Between muscles, surroundingglands, wrapping small blood vessels and nerves, Wraps and cushions organs

Front 104

Adiposetissue

Back 104

Under skin, around kidneys andheart, Stores energy, insulates, cushionsorgans

Front 105

Denseconnective tissue

Back 105

Made of tightlywoven fibers, Found in ligaments, tendons, andthe dermis

Front 106

Specialized connective tissue

Back 106

Cartilage, Bone, Blood

Front 107

Cartilage

Back 107

Tough but flexible, Serves as a cushion between bones, Lacks blood vessels and nerves, Heals more slowly than bone

Front 108

Hyalinecartilage

Back 108

Ends of long bones and parts of theribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx, Support and flexibility, Smooth surface for joint movement

Front 109

Elastic cartilage

Back 109

Flexible, Elasticfibers, Flexiblepart of the external ear and the epiglottis

Front 110

Fibrocartilage

Back 110

Madeto withstand pressure, Discsin the intervertebral spaces and the knee joints to support the huge loads

Front 111

Bone (Connective tissue)

Back 111

Protects and supports internalstructures, Facilitates movement alongwith muscles, Stores lipids (in yellow marrow),calcium, and phosphorus, Producesblood cells (in red marrow), Solidmatrix, Hard due to calcium and phosphorussalts§Resilient due to strands of theelastic protein collagen

Front 112

Blood (Connective tissue)

Back 112

Consistsof plasma (a liquid matrix) and formed elements

Front 113

White blood cells

Back 113

Help fight infection

Front 114

Red blood cells

Back 114

Transportoxygen to cells and some carbon dioxide away from cells

Front 115

Platelets

Back 115

Help with clotting

Front 116

Muscle tissue types

Back 116

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Front 117

Skeletal Muscle tissue

Back 117

Obvious striations, Voluntary, Skeletalmuscle attaches to bones for voluntary movement of body

Front 118

Cardiac muscle tissue

Back 118

Wall of heart, Branching striated cells, Specialized junctions between cells(*intercalated discs with gap junctions), Involuntary, Contractsand propels blood through body

Front 119

Smooth muscle tissue

Back 119

Cellstaper at each end, Nostriations, Involuntary, Found in walls of digestive system,blood vessels, tubules of urinary system, bronchioles of lungs, Propels substances through internalpassageways

Front 120

Nervous tissue

Back 120

Makes up the brain, spinal cord, nerves

Front 121

Neurons

Back 121

Generate nerve impulses and conductthem to other neurons, muscle cells, or glands

Front 122

Neuroglia

Back 122

Support, insulate, and protectneurons

Front 123

Parts of Neurons and Neuroglia

Back 123

Axon, Dendrite, Cell body, Neuron, Neuroglia

Front 124

Cell junctions

Back 124

Tight junctions, Adhesion junctions, Gap junctions

Front 125

Tight junctions

Back 125

Form a leak-proofseal, Found between cells lining theurinary and digestive tracts

Front 126

Adhesion junctions

Back 126

Allowfor stretching of cells without coming apart, Alsoallows for cells to slide slightly relative to each other, Foundbetween skin cells

Front 127

Gap junctions

Back 127

Have small holes connecting thecytoplasm of adjacent cells, Allow for exchange of ions betweencells, Allow for rapid communication ofelectrical impulses in cardiac cells- synchronizing electrical activity andthus contraction, Found between cardiac muscle cells

Front 128

Membranes

Back 128

Sheets of epithelium supported byconnective tissues

Front 129

Mucous membranes

Back 129

Line passageways that open to theexterior of the body

Front 130

Serous membranes

Back 130

Line the thoracic and abdominalcavities and the organs within them

Front 131

Synovial membranes

Back 131

Line the cavities of freelymoveable joints

Front 132

Cutaneous membrane (Skin)

Back 132

Covers the outside of the body

Front 133

Body cavities

Back 133

Ventral (front) and Dorsal (back)

Front 134

Ventral (Anterior)

Back 134

Thoracic cavity, Abdominal cavity, The diaphragm separates them

Front 135

Dorsal (Posterior)

Back 135

Cranial cavity (encloses the brain), Spinal cavity (houses the spinalcord)

Front 136

Thoracic cavity (Subdivided)

Back 136

Pleural cavities (contain thelungs), Pericardial cavity (contains theheart)

Front 137

Integumentary system

Back 137

Skin, Derivatives of the skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat glands, Oil glands, Wax glands

Front 138

Skin functions

Back 138

Largest organ, Protects against bacterialinvasion, UV radiation, and physical and chemical stress, Prevents water loss, Regulates body temperature, Synthesizes vitamin D, Receives external stimuli, Excretion of waste products

Front 139

Skin layers

Back 139

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis or subcutanesous layers

Front 140

Epidermis

Back 140

Thin outer layer, No blood vessels

Front 141

Dermis

Back 141

Thicker inner layer containingnerves, blood vessels, and glands, Primarily connective tissue

Front 142

Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

Back 142

Layer of loose connective tissuejust below the epidermis and dermis, Anchors skin to tissues of other organ systems that lie beneath

Front 143

Types of over exposure

Back 143

Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Melanoma isthe most dangerous type of skin cancer

Front 144

Negative feedback

Back 144

Correctivemeasures that slow or reverse variation from a normal value

Front 145

Positive feedback

Back 145

Causea change that promotes continued change in the same direction- rare, Bloodclotting, Childbirth, Ovulation

Front 146

Homeostatic components

Back 146

Receptor, Control center, Effector

Front 147

Receptor

Back 147

Detects a change in the internal orexternal environment

Front 148

Control center

Back 148

Integrates the information comingfrom all receptors and selects an appropriate response

Front 149

Effector

Back 149

Carries out the response

Front 150

Hyperthermia

Back 150

Abnormally elevated bodytemperature

Front 151

Hypothermia

Back 151

Abnormally low body temperature

Front 152

Lab

Back 152

Throw away gloves and clean area