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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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prokaryotes
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no nucleus
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eukaryotes
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nucleus
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golgi bodies
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modifies proteins for export
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phospholipids
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glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group
-2 nonpolar hydrophobic tails -Polar hydrophilic head -Can form bilayer for membranes |
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competitive inhibitor
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reduces the activity of an enzyme
binding enzyme's active site in place of the substrate cock blocks |
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hypertonic
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-more solute inside than out
-solution causing a cell to lose water |
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hypotonic
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-less solute outside than in
-a solution causing a cell to take in water |
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isotonic
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equal solute
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ribosomes
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-RNA and protein in 2 subunits
-PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
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Enzyme
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-a catalyst
-speeds up chemical reactions |
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catalysts
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increases rate of a chemical reaction without permanent chemical changing
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what do enzymes do?
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speed ⬆ chemical reactions
by ⬇ the activation energy |
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receptor proteins
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proteins that communicate with other cells
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marker proteins
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-in membrane
- analyzes any invaders (find friend from foe) |
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channel proteins
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transport protein that provides a tube-like opening in the plasma membrane through which particles can diffuse
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activation energy
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energy needed to start a reaction
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endergonic
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Require energy
ADP + P + Energy ➡ ATP |
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exergonic
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Release energy
ATP ➡ ADP + P + Energy |
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ATP
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-Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
-the main energy molecule in cells |
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how is ATP energy formed
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the breaking of the unstable bonds
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types of active transport
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-Pumps
Sodium Potassium Pump: (3 Na+out/2 K+ into the cell; important in nerve transmission) -Endocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis -Exocytosis |
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types of passive transport
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-Diffusion
-Osmosis -Facilitated Diffusion- usage of a membrane spanning protein (to help move larger molecules?) |
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passive transport
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diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, with no expenditure of energy
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active transport
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movement of a substance
across a membrane against its concentration gradient, helped by transport proteins that REQUIRE ENERGY |
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Endocytosis
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cellular uptake of molecules or particles THROUGH FORMATION OF NEW VESICLES
from the plasma membrane |
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Exocytosis
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materials out of the cytoplasm
by vesicle-plasma membrane fusion |
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Pinocytosis
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takes FLUID and dissolved solute
into small membranous vesicles |
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Phagocytosis
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cell engulfs macromolecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm
ENGULF STUFF INTO CYTOPLASM |
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energy
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the ability to do work
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composition of cell membrane
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diffusion
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down the concentration gradient
more ➡ less concentrated |
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active site
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part of an enzyme where a substrate molecule attaches
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concentration gradient
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the difference in the amount of solute in certain amount of space in a solution
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substrate
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the specific substance or reactant that an enzyme acts on
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chemical energy
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energy stored in bonds in molecules
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Facilitated diffusion
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transport proteins that help
transport molecules across a biological membrane |
