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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Cell Theory
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-all organisms are composed of one or more cells
-cells only come from other cells -basic living unit of structure and function in organisms |
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Prokaryotic Cells
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-bacteria and archaea
-do not have a nucleus -no membrane bound organelles -generally 10x smaller -simple structure -metabolically diverse -adapt to most enviroments |
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Eukaryotic
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-eukarya
-complex structure -possess membrane-bound organelles -animals, plants, fungi, and protists |
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Animal Cells
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-no cell walls
-no chloroplats |
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Plant Cells
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-cell walls
-chloroplasts |
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Nucleus (main function)
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-houses genetic material of the cell (DNA)
-DNA organized into chromosomes |
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Nucleus (form/structure)
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-usually largest organelle
-nuclear envelope=double phospholipid bilayer -nuclear pores= protein-lined passages (pore complex) -nucleolus= where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) made -chromatin= DNA and associated proteins usually divided into chromosomes |
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Ribosomes (main functions)
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-carry out proteins synthesis using mRNA as template (instructions)
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Ribosomes (form/structure)
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-made of both protein and ribosomal RNA
-free ribosomes= suspended (floating) in cytosol makes protein that are also suspended in cytosol -bound ribosomes= attached to membrane of RER makes protein that exist inside membranes or are inserted into membranes |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (form/structure/function)
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-large maze-like membrane structure
-smooth ER (SER)= without ribosomes -rough ER (RER)= with ribosomes |
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SER
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-makes lipids for the cell
-metabolizes drugs -stores ions (esp. Ca2+) |
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RER
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-changes newly made proteins
-adds carbs to form "glycoproteins" -make more membrane for the cell (phospholipids) |
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Golgi Apparatus (form/structure)
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-flat membranous sacs="cisternae"
-not physically connected -space inside- "lumen" |
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Golgi Apparatus (main functions)
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-"post office"
-collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials such as proteins and lipids -continue to change proteins sent from the RER -add, change, or remove carbs on the "glycopreoteins" -send the changed proteins to their appropriate locations -able to do so because the carbs act like address labels |
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Lysosomes (form/structure)
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-membrane-bounded vesicles produced by golgi apparatus
-allows hydrolysis reactions to occur -form by budding off of either RER or golgi with the enzymes inside |
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Lysosomes (main functions)
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-digest macromolecules= "phagocytosis"
-to use as food and to protect cell from invaders -digest old, damaged, decaying organelles (b)= "autophagy" -clear out space -recycle materials |
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Vacuoles (form/structure/function)
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-membranous sacs/bubble primarily in plants and protist cells, larger than vesicle
-store substances : water, sugars, salts, pigments, toxins, etc. |
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Photosynthesis
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-only plants, algae, and cyanobacteria
-solar energy is the ultimate source of energy for most cells -solar energy+carbon dioxide+ water=carbs+oxygen |
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Cellular Respiration
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-all organisms convert chemical energy into ATP
-ATP used for all energy-requiring processes in cells -carbs+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water+energy |
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Mitochondria (form/structure)
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-double-membraned pill shaped structure
-outer membrane: smooth/contains contents -inner membrane: convoluted ("christae")/contains enzymes that generate ATP -space between memnbranes- "intermembrane space" -space inside innter membrane= "matrix" (enzymes, mtDNA, ribosomes) |
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Mitochondria (main function)
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-convert energy sources (carbs, fat) and 02 into ATP, water, CO2
-actual ATP production occurs along the folded inner membrane -typically 100's-1000's of mitochondria in a cell |
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Chloroplasts (form/structure)
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-double membrane (smooth, close together)
-space between the 2 membranes= "intermembrane space" -space/fluid inside= "stroma" -contains enzymes involved in photosynthesis -flattened interconnected membranous sacs in stroma -all of stacks-"thylakoid" -each stack="granum" |
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Chloroplasts (function)
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-change sunlight energy into carbohydrates and oxygen
-opposite energy reaction from mitochondria |
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Cytoskeleton
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-gives physical support to the cell, maintain cell shape
-provide anchorage for organelles and molecules -allow for "cell motility"=movement of entire cells and movement within cells |
