Bio 427 Final Exam-Overall

Front 1

Extant most recent common ancestor of Amphibia

Back 1

Amniota

Front 2

Extinct most recent common ancestor of Amphibia

Back 2

Temnospondyls (Brachiosaurus)

Front 3

Period of insect diversification (era and date)

Back 3

Carboniferous (360-285 mya)

Front 4

Period of vascular plant formation and first tetrapods (era, date)

Back 4

Devonian (408-360 mya)

Front 5

Period where first jawed fishes formed (era, date)

Back 5

Silurian (438-408 mya)

Front 6

Two groups of fishes which diversified from the Silurian period

Back 6

Actinopterygian (radial-finned fishes)

Sarcopterygian (lobed-finned fishes)

Front 7

Organism linking the transition of water to land

Back 7

Tikaalik roseae

Front 8

First early aquatic tetrapod

Back 8

Acanthostega gunnari

Front 9

Define the North American Breeding Bird Survey

Back 9

Organized 4100 survey routes across country, 24.5 mile transects, run by Canadian wildlife and US geological survey,

5 hour survey

During breeding season?

Front 10

Christmas bird count

Back 10

One count on christmas per year. Groups sample a 15-mile radius circle

Front 11

First true land tetrapod

Back 11

Ichthyostega

Front 12

Diversification of reptiles (age, dates)

Back 12

Permian (285-245 mya)

Front 13

Group including all extant amphibians

Back 13

Lissamphibia

Front 14

3 Orders of Class Amphibia

Back 14

Gymnophonia, Caudata, Anura

Front 15

Common ancestor of salamanders and frogs

Back 15

Gerobatrachus hottoni

Front 16

Ancestor of all mammals that arose in the Permian

Back 16

Therapsids

Front 17

Extant classes in Lepidosauria

Back 17

Tuatara, Squamata

Front 18

3 Orders of Squamata

Back 18

Serpentes, Lacertilia, Amphisbaenia

Front 19

Groups in Archosauria

Back 19

Crocodyllians, Dinosauria

Front 20

Saurischian vs. Ornithischian dinosaurs

Back 20

Saurischian contained Theropod dinosaurs (ancestor of birds), Ornithsian dinos (mistakenly named bird-hipped dinos due to their fused hipbones)

Front 21

Two theories of bird origins

Back 21

Theropod dinosaurs (more evidence), Thecodont reptiles in the triassic

Front 22

Feathers were originally used for:

Back 22

Thermoregulation, mate attraction

Front 23

Which dinosaur showed evidence for gliding with wings on fore and hind legs?

Back 23

Microraptor Gui

Front 24

Two theories for evolution of flight

Back 24

Aboreal vs. Cursoreal

Front 25

Two theories for when major groups of birds evolved

Back 25

Tertiary (Big Bang),Cretaceous diversification

Front 26

Traits of modern birds

Back 26

bipedal, feathered vertebrates with wings

Endothermic

Well-developed brains

Richly provisioned eggs

sexual selection

Front 27

4 types of wings to support different types of flight

Back 27

High aspect ratio

Elliptical

High Speed

Slotted

Front 28

Critisims of the Biological Species concept

Back 28

Does not account for:

Asexual organisms, allopatry and hybridization

Front 29

Many species concepts encompass:

Back 29

Morphological similarity

Ecological similarity

Reproductive isolation

Evolutionary cohesion

Front 30

Four models of speciation

Back 30

Allopatric, Peripatric, Parapatric, Sympatric

Front 31

Define Jordan's Law

Back 31

Closely related populations usually have undergone allopatry speciation

Front 32

Fourier analysis

Back 32

Any complex sound can be viewed as a series of sin waves

Front 33

Are lower or higher frequencies best heard in a forest ?

Back 33

Low frequencies: wavelength is longer and therefore is less obstructive and can move through a forest without hitting an object and being dispersed

Front 34

Why do bird birds make lower-pitched sounds than smaller birds?

Back 34

Syrinx is larger and can propagate a larger amount of air molecules. An object has difficulty producing sound with wavlengths larger than it is

Front 35

Why are some bird sounds easy to localize while some are not?

Back 35

Harder to localize calls have a constant frequency. Can usually tell songs are farther by a loss of frequency or a change between two ears.

Front 36

Why do birds migrate?

Back 36

Exploit seasonal food resources

Food a good breeding site

Avoid predation

Avoid climatic extremes

Front 37

What is the trade-off in reproduction and survival for residents and migrants?

Back 37

Tropical resident (high survival, low reproduction ), Migrant (med, med), Temperate resident (low, high)

Front 38

Bird navigate using:

Back 38

Sun compass, star compass, magnetic field, olfaction, infra-sound

Front 39

Which traits of migration are inherited?

Back 39

Direction, length, feeding behaviuor, timing

Front 40

3 Ways birds produce color

Back 40

Pigments (absorbtion), irridensence (interference), structure (Rayleigh scattering)

Front 41

Types of avian mating systems

Back 41

Social monogamy

Polygyny

Polyandry

Polygynandry

Front 42

5 Great Mass Extinctions

Back 42

Late Cambrian, Late Ordivician, Late Devonian, Late Permian, Late Cretaceous

Front 43

Main modern causes of extinction

Back 43

Habitat destruction, introduced species, climate change

Front 44

Amphiban decline

Back 44

32% of amphibian species threatened with extinction

Front 45

Predicted trend of human pop growth

Back 45

Overall not sure, but think it may stabilize around 9-10 billion

Front 46

3 Main major threats to birds worldwide

Back 46

Agriculture, logging, invasive species

Front 47

Out of all birds, which percent of them are red-listed?

Back 47

%12

Front 48

Aside from humans, what is the most abundant species of large mammals?

Back 48

White-tailed deer (40-50 million)

Front 49

What is the global level for CO2 (ppm)

Back 49

402 ppm

Front 50

Explain the tragedy of the commons

Back 50

Too much freedom is bringing ruin, each persona takes as much as they can for themselves. Must impose mutually agreed limits

Front 51

Paris Agreement

Back 51

Goal of 195 countries to lower emission limits to keep global surface warming below 2C