Bio 410 Lect 13 (T.2) ..

Front 1

____, asexual reproduction, perpertuates a successful genotype (identical)

Back 1

Parthenogenesis

Front 2

Genetic recombination, cost of meiosis (only use 50% of genes in producing new individual)
Cost of producing males, most of sperm is wasted, energy is thrown away.
Cost of courtship and mating, energy last, risk of injury, disease etc.

Back 2

costs of sexual reproduction

Front 3

Reproductive behavior is an evolutionary ____, If you do not reproduce you are just as good as someone who died at birth.
In order to be fit you must get your alleles into your next generation i.e. reproduction.

Back 3

"gooseegg"

Front 4

Benefits of sexual reproduction -

Back 4

Good
Bad
ugly

Front 5

____ - equal gametes

Back 5

Isogamy

Front 6

____ - Yeast experiment, the ones sexually reproducing survived much more rapidly, there is an accumulation of small subtle ____ much better.

Back 6

Good
mutations

Front 7

____ - accumulation of bad mutations is more likely in ____, not going to get passed on in a sexual, in ____ all mutations are passed on.

Back 7

Bad
asexual
asexual

Front 8

____- bacteria and viruses, in sexually reproducing more likely to undergo changes and parasites are not ____ adapted to feed on you.
Snail ex . Asexual pop goes through boom and bust (near extinction) while the sexual populations stay study.

Back 8

Ugly
perfectly

Front 9

____ - unequal gametes (typically female, larger, stable, lots of energy)
(Male is smaller, mobile, large quantities, and cheap per unit)

Back 9

Anisogamy

Front 10

____ - lower mortality rates
____ - higher fertilization rates

Back 10

Female gametes
Male gametes

Front 11

____ would lose out, not as high production rates as small, and not as much a survival boost as a large gamete .

Back 11

Intermediate sized gametes

Front 12

___- access to women

Back 12

Males

Front 13

___ - access to resources

Back 13

Females

Front 14

Reproduction success of a ___, can you convert resources into offspring.

Back 14

female

Front 15

____ about achieving a lot of matings.

Back 15

Male

Front 16

____ - male reproductive success varies much more than the females reproductive success.

Back 16

Bateman gradient

Front 17

Ex. Lions, males much more variable reproductive success. Males 0 to 14, and lionesses average 5

Ex. Humans, males 0 to 23, females a smaller range 1-5

Back 17

Bateman gradient

Front 18

____ - constantly keep evolving/moving in order to not have your parasites/predators to not keep you

Back 18

Red queen hypothesis

Front 19

____, choosy want to go after high quality mates

Back 19

Females

Front 20

____ - best interest is reproduce as much as he can.

Back 20

Male

Front 21

Quality vs quantity, ____ quality, ___ quantity

Back 21

females
males

Front 22

____ - one sex possess another sex and mate with them solely.

Back 22

Darwin

Front 23

____ - mate choice, females choosing one male over another

Back 23

Intersexual

Front 24

____ of sexual selection frequently lead to sexual dimorphism.

Back 24

Both types

Front 25

Intrasexual - males compete with males or females with females
This can be

Back 25

precopulatory
postcopulatory
post-zygotic

Front 26

If roles are reversed, then the females are competing over the ____ males.
Ex. seahorse

Back 26

limited resource

Front 27

____,
If one sex invests more time/energy/resources into offspring than the other sex is, than the high investment sex is limited and cannot reproduce as much as the other can, and thus becomes a limiting resource for the low investing sex.

Back 27

Trivers - parental investment theory of sexual selection

Front 28

Ex. Male dog can go every day, versus female dog has to be pregnant, and raise pups and then wean them before she can go again.

Back 28

Trivers - parental investment theory of sexual selection

Front 29

Summary of parental investment theory of sexual selection -
If one sex invests more per offspring than the other sex:

Back 29

It will be a limited resource
It will be competed over by the other sex
It will be more selective

Front 30

Competition after mating = ____

Back 30

sperm competition

Front 31

Typically male/male competition over____, or over resources that will attract ____.

Often results in increases ____ and development of male ____.

Back 31

females
females
aggressiveness
secondary sex characteristics

Front 32

___ - ones of the same sex competing.

Back 32

Intrasexual

Front 33

Ex. Striped marsh frog, large arms on male so he can compete/hang on for external fertilization, is both sexual dimorphism and secondary sex chars.

Back 33

Intrasexual

Front 34

If females can store sperm, the one that mated last will father ____ of the children.

____ and female harassing spikes right before egg-laying period, to make sure you are the father of the offspring.

Back 34

80 percent
Guarding

Front 35

____ - male if suspects other mating, will peck at her cloaca until she everts it and expels sperm

Back 35

Dunnock

Front 36

____ -
Ex. garter snake, tough plug that seals female geitalia

Drone honeybee, seals with his own genitalia

Back 36

Mating plugs

Front 37

Ex. Parasite in rat gut, male seals female but after mating, but also goes around and mate with males and seal their genitalia.
Ex. Other worm similar, only pierce abdomen, and instead of sealing males, they no pass on his sperm.

Back 37

Mating plugs

Front 38

Intrasexual selection

Back 38

Guard mate
Mating plug
Testes size
Remove previous males sperm

Front 39

____ size and mating system,
If one male, one female smaller ____
If more than one male as access to a female, larger ___ (chimps)

Can plot ____ size versus size in primates and can find monogamous or polygynous, humans plot towards promiscuity/polygyny.

Back 39

Testes
Testes
Testes
Testes

Front 40

____ compete over resources for self and offspring.

Back 40

Females

Front 41

Bower bird - build an unusual structure, a bower, the female chooses the bower she likes the most and enters the bower to be mated with.

Ex. Study with red battery caps, the ones that were more intelligent, found a solution faster, this directly correlated with their mating success.

Back 41

Intersexual Selection (Mate Choice)

Front 42

Criteria choice of mates -

Back 42

Immediate gains
Longer term indirect gains

Front 43

____, access to resources, protection, help with parental care, nupital gifts,

Pronghorn example, with male loss of harassment, immediate gain, similar to horse harem.

Back 43

Immediate gains

Front 44

Immediate gains is primary goal, but ____ are secondary.

Back 44

longer term indirect gains

Front 45

Long term indirect gains (offspring quality)

Back 45

Runaway selection
Good genes selection

Front 46

____ - because male has invested so much into the female, if he abandons her he runs the risk that his offspring will die.

Back 46

Antiphilandry tactic

Front 47

____ - (immediate gains)
Female won't give in until male invests plenty of time/energy. Etc intro relationship.
Reduces difference in M/F investment in offspring.

Back 47

Domestic bliss strategy

Front 48

____ -
Choose, the best quality genes,
Courtship displays
Size
Coloration
Large song repertoire

Turkey with snood, larger the snood more testosterone/fighting ability/better genes.

Back 48

He-Man strategy

Front 49

____ - a particular characteristic gets more and more exaggerated because the females choose for that.
At some point this leads to two things, it has to stop, or if it continues can run the risk of extinction.

Ex. Irish elk, peacock.

Back 49

Runaway selection

Front 50

____ - making sure that the offspring are really his offspring.

Back 50

Anticuckoldry strategies

Front 51

____ choice, more choosy if:
Courtship is risky
Puts more energy into courtship
Monogamous

Back 51

Male

Front 52

Environmental condition, resources available can affect
Fathering just a few offspring, may be better if trying to father many and they die etc..
How females group together, how mobile they are.
= _____

Back 52

species-typical mating system

Front 53

Male/Female differences -

Back 53

Hormonal
Genetic
Cultural
Psychosocial generalizations

Front 54

Psychosocial generalizations -
Verbal (____) / spatial-math
Smile (____)/ aggressive
Pairs (____)/ larger groups

Back 54

female
female
female

Front 55

Anthropology view - gender related to division of labor, M/F roles differ in society
Universal roles - female, ____
Male, ____

Back 55

care of children
aggressive, wage war

Front 56

Reproduction often involves competition within and between sexes due to different ____ of ____ of the sexes

Back 56

evolutionary "interests"
"investment patterns"

Front 57

Females generally are the ____ sex, therefore female evolutionary perspective are important for understanding evolution of reproductive biology/behavior of ____ sexes

Back 57

"high investing"
BOTH

Front 58

How much males or females invest depends on ____, ____, and _____, should pay more attention to these factors, less to reinforcing sterotypes about males and females

Back 58

physiology
ecological conditions
phylogenetic history

Front 59

Females favor ____ strategy
Expect at least some resources from male
Look for money, resources power, intelligence, more important than physical appearance

Back 59

domestic bliss

Front 60

Sociobiology view -
____, so slightly polygynous

Back 60

Sexual dimorphism

Front 61

Males court females -
May try to ____ females, show greater resource ability than actually have. Ex. fancy car but tiny apartment
Court large numbers of females
Criteria - ____ (youth often indicates)

Back 61

deceive
fertility

Front 62

Controversial -
Murder victims roughly follow female ____
Rape victims tightly spread from ____

Back 62

age distribution
15-35

Front 63

On a date, steady date and marriage partner males and females agree on roughly same level of ____, for ____ huge difference males very lax standards

Back 63

intelligence
casual sex

Front 64

___ - desire of a female to marry up, to marry into a higher economic status, females compete over higher status males.

Back 64

Hypergamy

Front 65

Females tend to choose wealthy ___ over poor ____
Wear makeup, jewelry, etc to make them look better/ more youthful.

Back 65

polygny
monogamy

Front 66

Wealthy men, have large number of offspring, poor men small number of offspring, females did not matter goes back to ____

Back 66

bateman gradient

Front 67

As individuals earn a higher income, more likely to ____, in modern western countries etc.

Back 67

limit family size

Front 68

Reasons for double standard
____ - ex. Newborn looks like father quote
____ - women allow this to exist, because they only want to marry up/want more resources
Ex. Married women far less likely to report rape

Back 68

Uncertainty of paternity
Hypergamy

Front 69

____ -
As if the female is the property of the male but not the reverse.

Back 69

Double standard

Front 70

Human intelligence recognized that ____ could be controlled so it is!
Female advantages eroded in majority of societies

Back 70

female sexuality

Front 71

Many ____ societies have better position in society than many human women in their societies.

Back 71

primate

Front 72

Almost all societies have legalized institute of ____

Back 72

marriage

Front 73

____ - double standard, claimed by a wealthy man

Back 73

Engagement ring

Front 74

Many wedding traditions scandinavia, institutionalized ____
____ - protect groom, from family
____ - take away and have sex and now is damaged goods

Back 74

mate guarding
Groomsmen
Honeymoon

Front 75

____ that are handicaps to the males that possess them. If male has the ability to pull off ability in spite of handicap then obviously he has some good genes, i.e. peacock.

Back 75

Honest traits

Front 76

____, if an individual has a well developed sexually selected character is an individual that survived a test.

Back 76

Zahavi - the handicap principle

Front 77

___ acts are advertising prestige, health etc.

Back 77

Altruistic

Front 78

More dominant ____ will give food to weaker birds, but high pitch trill, they are advertising it, the subordinate birds try to fly away it hurts their prestige to receive the handout

Back 78

babbler

Front 79

Prosper not in spite of risky behavior, but because of them.
Ex. Stotting of gazelle, advertising their fitness, fearlessness, only a very strong gazelle will do this behavior

Back 79

Zahavi - the handicap principle

Front 80

____ changed theory slightly, to ____ theory now

Each ____ chooses how lard a handicap to produce, based upon own quality and expected response of receiver

Back 80

Grafen
signaling
signaler

Front 81

Individual bird may "decide" on how many nice feathers to produce, has to go out and find special food, if you are sick not going to get any of this special food etc.

Back 81

signaling theory

Front 82

Red fur on their sides = sign of their health, can avoid predation with this banner on their side
The handicap shows exactly who the good males are

Back 82

signaling theory

Front 83

Birds,
Males wear ____ just to show that I can survive just fine with this ____ so mate with me

Back 83

handicaps
handicap

Front 84

____
Tail is 50-60 cm, female is 7cm.
Slows them down while flying.
Longer the tail the more nests so it is an honest signal of male quality to the female.

Back 84

Kenyan widowbirds

Front 85

Humans, ____ are a handicap
Thought to be an evolutionary indicator of female health and quality.

Back 85

female breast size

Front 86

Baby bird, will only beg only when hungry,
Thought to almost be blackmail "fox come eat me"/advertising to predators.

Back 86

honest signaling

Front 87

Prominent signals such as antlers are impossible to fake.

Gestures, such as showing its flank, it would not do that if it really were afraid of being attacked it would be injured and die, it would be too vulnerable.

Back 87

honest signaling among rivals

Front 88

Very risky, but gained lots of popularity/prestige, people invited him to parties etc

Back 88

steve fossett

Front 89

Both men, have given a lot of money, altruistic behavior but have gained a lot in terms of prestige, so even with risky behavior it is increasing.

Back 89

ted turner and bill gates handicap display

Front 90

We humans are impressed with ____ and with ____ displays

Back 90

altruistic acts
risky

Front 91

____ - sry gene ensures that it makes it way to the next generation even if the current body it is in dies.

Back 91

Selfish gene theory

Front 92

Greater reproductive success!!
____ males have fewer children then those that don’t take risks.
Males who take risks, ____ females, and elbow other males out of the way and reproduce more

Back 92

Risk-averse
impress

Front 93

Theory is because of the y chromosome, ____ increases testosterone so it makes a male a male, the root of the handicap principle

Back 93

SRY gene

Front 94

The primary time we see is in adolescence and when fertility is at its peak, so this ____ will increase the likelihood that a man will take risks, will be violent , will act aggressively to others.

Back 94

testosterone

Front 95

More than half of males in amazon are ____ before they reach 40. so most likely to occur is 15-40..

Back 95

murdered