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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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____ are the way they are due to evolutionary forces.
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Behaviors
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For any behavior you can ask two sets of questions about that behavior.
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Ultimate - Why (evolutionary)
Proximate - How |
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Ultimate - ____
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Why (evolutionary)
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Proximate - ____
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How
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Consequences due to the behavior.
Example - junk food, Ultimate - high calories - good for us evolutionary Proximate taste buds, taste good Example - giraffe - spiky acacia tree leaves Ultimate - no competition, better to survive Proximate - long neck, long snout, tough lips. Prehensile tongue |
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____ - We talk about him a lot.
Encourage to observe throughout. |
Niko Tenbergen
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So much life out there in terms of ____ to observe.
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animal behavior
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____ - (Europe)
____ - (us) |
Ethology
Comparative Psychology |
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____ arranged animals on a hierarchy, behaviors got more complex
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Aristotle
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____ a psychologist in the mid 1800's that looked at the evolution, sociology behavior of people and a little in animals.
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Herbert Spencer
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____ - 1873 a book on the emotion of man and animals
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Darwin
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3 big giants - together they shared the nobel prize in 1973 for animal behavior.
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1973
Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen |
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____ - austrian/germany studied honeybees, how bees communicate with each other
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Karl von Frisch
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____ - mainly birds, famous for his work with imprinting
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Konrad Lorenz
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____ - Birds as well as with fish (dutch, did a lot of work in the uk) worked with ____.
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Nikolaas Tinbergen
Lorenz |
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____ - very field oriented
____ |
Ethology
"Field Behaviorist" |
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We have very extensive ____ of lions. Because of this we can explain fairly clearly their ____ due to this (infantacide).
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ethograms
behavior |
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____ - sit and observe an animal for hours and it is a running list of behavior.
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Ethogram
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____ - a behavior that Is the same every time due to genes.
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Innate behavior/instinctual behavior/instinct
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____, Started to focus on how behaviors adapted to particular environments
Focused on why ?'s, ____ questions, This is in essence a ____ question. |
ethology
ultimate genetic |
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4 topics of ethology:
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FDIC
Displacement Imprinting Critical periods in development Fixed action patterns |
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We credit lorenz and tinbergen with "inventing" ____ in ____.
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4 topics of ethology:
1937 |
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"biology is the science of ____"
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exceptions
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____ - instinctual behaviors that are in-depth or a complicated behavior that once it starts will continue. Once it starts it will continue through fruition.
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Fixed action pattern
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FAP examples:
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Greylag goose - as soon as she sees a rounded eggshape she will start performing the behavior, even if the egg is yanked away - it is instinctual, "hard wired to do"
Stickleback fish - male will attack red, aggressive |
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____ - ex, goose looking for something egg shaped, s. fish, constantly looking for something red. -> always on the look out for that trigger.
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Appetitive behavior
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____ - sets it in stone.
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Consummatory act
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____ is the one thing that "triggers" the behavior
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Trigger
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____ - like a switch goes off in their brain, trips in their brain, this is the innate releasing mechanism.
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Response
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FAP summary:
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Appetitive
Sign stimulus Innate releasing mchanism Fap consummatory act |
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Is behavior determined by genes or by the environment?
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Almost every behavior is a combination of genes and the environment.
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____ - genetic
____ - environment |
Nature
Nurture |
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Three major methods of study:
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Descriptive
Comparative Experimental |
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____-
Ethogram Observe and record latency, how long you start observing to the time you first see that behavior Frequency - how often Duration - how long does it do it |
Descriptive
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____
Ecology Compare variation b/t species |
Comparative
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Lab or field tests Control and variable |
Experimental
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Gull chick - assumed pecking is all ____
Experiment, new born chicks will peck almost equally across the different models, The older chick will peck less frequently at "beaks" that do not look the same. If this were purely a genetic behavior the behavior would not change because the genes do not change. As a result of environment the behavior has changed. It has an element of ____ in it. |
nature
learning |
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____ - inclusive fitness, will work to encourage the survival of any relative.
Explains sterile insects, altruism etc explainable for the firs time. |
W.D. Hamilton
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____ - sociobiology, "selfish gene theory"
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E.O. Wilson
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____ focuses on organisms interacting in natural environment, has a strong theoretical basis to it as well
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Behavior ecology
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____/____ - proximate side, how does it occur, how does learning/development shape it.
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comparative psychology
behavorist |
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____ - classical conditioning w/ a bell, ____
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Pavlov
CP |
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____ - a box with levers, associate lever pushing with reward/punishment, ____
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BF Skinner
CP |
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____, Controlled experiments - lots of caged animals early on.
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CP
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Natural selection acts directly upon genes?
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False
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Natural selection is a goal-directed process?
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False
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Competition among male moose for a group of females is ____.
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Direct Competition
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Kallman Syndrome is an example of ____.
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pleiotropy
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Heritability can be used as a predictor of a population's potential to change in response to selection. For example, if h is ~____, a trait is more likely to be selected for (or against) by nature.
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1
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They contain scholarly research articles which are reviewed by other scientists before they are published.
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Scientific Journals
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