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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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examined cork. He saw compartments he called “cells”
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robert hooke 1665
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saw living cells
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• 1675: ANTON CAN LEEUWENHOEK
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“all plants are made of cells”
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• 1838: MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN,
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“all animals are made of cells”
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• 1839: THEODORE SCHWANN,
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• Deci- (d) = 10-1
• Centi- (c) = 10-2 • Mili- (m) = 10-3 • Micro- (μ) = 10-6 • Nano- (n) = 10-9 • Angstrom (á) = 10-10 |
6
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o Bacteria & cyanobacteria
o Cell membrane & rigid cell wall (proteoglycan) o Nucleoid with 1 circular chromosome o Lacks membrane-bound organelles |
• PROKARYOTIC:
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o Protists, fungi, plants, & animals
o Cell membrane with or without cell wall o True nucleus with linear chromosomes o Many organelles |
• EUKARYOTIC:
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o It has a Phospholipid bilayer (5-10 nm.)
o Separates cytoplasm from external environment o Embedded proteins • Transport in and out • Enzymes • Cell surface identity • Cell surface receptors • Cell-to-cell adhesion • Attach to cytoskeleton |
• PLASMA MEMBRANE
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o Nuclear envelope
• Separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm • double membrane • NUCLEAR PORES allow passage of proteins in & out. o Chromosomes • Compact genetic units • Chromatin = relaxed Stretched chromosome • Nucleosome DNA wrapped around Histones, proteins |
• NUCLEUS
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o Two subunits (one large & one small) of ribosomal RNA & protein
o Join to form functional ribosome’s during protein synthesis o mRNA carries code from DNA o tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome o membrane associated ribosome’s proteins for • membrane use • export o free ribosomes in cytoplasm a proteins: • cytoplasmic • nuclear • mitochondrial • organelle |
• RIBOSOMES
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o Flattened sacs
o Ribosomes look bumpy o Site of protein synthesis: • Export vacuoles • Lysosomes • Embedded in plasma membrane |
• ROUGH ER
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o Tubular
o Lack ribosomes o Embedded enzymes synthesis of: • Carbohydrates & lipids • Steroid hormones o Stores Ca++ ions (signals) |
• SMOOTH ER
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o Structure
• Flattened stacks of membrane • Cisterane = end spaces • Cis= close to ER • Trans = “across”; periphery o Function • Receive proteins & lipids from ER via transport vesicles • Add glucose > glycoproteins & glyco lipids • Package products into secertory vesicles • to the interior or exterior of the cell |
• GOLGI BODY
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o Ribosomes hydrolytic enzymes
o Transport vesicle brings enzymes to golgi body o G. B. packages enzymes into lysosome o Lysosome attaches to: • Food vacuole • Damaged organelle o Enzymes digest the food or organelle o Products are reused or excreted |
• LYSOSOMES
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• Structure:
o Double membrane encloses contents o THYLAKOIDS= flat sacs containing chlorophyll o GRANA= stacks of thylakoids (attracts the sun rays) o STROMA= semi fluid matrix o Chloroplasts contain DNA & ribosome • Functions: o Photosynthesis= conversion of radiant energy to chemical energy o Produce new chloroplasts |
CHLOROPLASTS
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o Size: 2 μm
o Location: eukaryotic cells o Structure: • Outer membrane-smooth • Inner membrane: CRISTAE= folded layers DNA & enzymes embedded • MATRIX surrounded by inner membrane o Functions: • Directed by nuclear genes • Oxidative metabolism • ATP production |
• MITOCHONDRIA
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• Microtubles are composed of tubulin protein subunits. Microtubles are 25 nm diameter tubes are 25 nm thick walls
• Actin filaments (microfilaments) are composed of actin subunits and are about 8 nm in diameter. |
CYTOSKELETON
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o Located around animal cells (animal version of cell wall)
o Composition: • Proteoglycans = mixture of glycoproteins • Collagen= strong fibers • Elastin = elastic fibers • Fibronectin attaches matrix to cell membrane • Integrin attaches to cell membrane to cytoskeleton o Function: • Coordinates behavior of all cells within a particular tissue. |
• EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
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