Bio 4

Front 1

Natural Selection

Back 1

Process which individuals with advantages traits contribute a large number of offsprings to the population

Front 2

Barr Body

Back 2

Entire chromosome may be inactivated, thereby preventing transcription

Front 3

Wilkins & Franklin

Back 3

Used X-Ray diffraction to study DNA's structure

Front 4

Watson & Crick

Back 4

Used Wilkins and Franklin's date, and their knowledge of complex organic molecules, proposed a model for the structure. Proposed DNA consisted 2 separate DNA polymers linked nucleotides held together with bonds

Front 5

Adaptive Radiation

Back 5

When populations of one species invade a variety of new habitats + evolve in response to the differing environmental pressures in those habitats

Front 6

Artificial Selection

Back 6

Intentional breedings of certain traits, combination of traits, over others to produce a desirable outcome

Front 7

Turner Syndrome

Back 7

1:3000 phenotypically female babies has only one X chromosomes

Front 8

Adaptation

Back 8

Characteristics that help an individual survive + reproduce

Front 9

Evolution

Back 9

Descent of organisms from common ancestors with the development of genetic and phenotype changes over time that make them more suited to the environment

Front 10

Amino Acid

Back 10

Organic molecule composed of an amino group and an acid group; covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules

Front 11

Fossil

Back 11

Any past evidence of an organism that has been preserved in the Earth's crust

Front 12

Anticodon

Back 12

3-base sequence in a transfer RNA molecules base that pairs with a complementary codon in mRNA

Front 13

Mutation

Back 13

Alternation in chromosome structure or numbers and also an alternation in a gene due to changes in DNA composition

Front 14

DNA Polymerase

Back 14

During replication, an enzyme that joins the nucleotides complementary to a DNA template

Front 15

Restriction Enzyme

Back 15

Bacterial enzyme that stops viral reproduction by cleaving viral DNA; used to cut DNA at specific points during production of recombinant DNA

Front 16

Codon

Back 16

3-base sequence in messenger RNA that during translation directs the addition of a particular amino acid into a protein or directs termination of the process

Front 17

DNA Replication is Semi Conservative

Back 17

Each daughter DNA double helix contains an old strand from the parental DNA double helix and a new strand

Front 18

DNA Helicase

Back 18

One template strand can be copied in the direction of the replication fork (Binding proteins serve to stabilize the newly formed, single stranded region)

Front 19

Phenotype

Back 19

Visible expressions of a genotype

Ex: Brown eyes or attached earlobes

Front 20

Genotype

Back 20

Genes of an organism for a particular trait or traits; often designated by letters, BB or Aa

Front 21

Dominant

Back 21

Allele that exerts its phenotypic effect in the heterozygote; it masks the expression of the recessive allele

Front 22

Recessive

Back 22

Allele that exerts its phenotypic effect only in the homozygote, its expression is masked by a dominant allele

Front 23

Heterozygotes

Back 23

Carriers of recessive trait, can pass on their recessive allele to their offsprings cause they're phenotype (50:50)

Front 24

Homozygotes

Back 24

Organism with identical pairs of genes/alleles for specific trait

Ex: If both of the 2 gametes fuse during fertilization carry same form of gene, for specific trait it is considered homozygous

Front 25

Meiosis

Back 25

Type of nuclear division that occurs part of sexual reproduction, in which the daughter cells receive haploid numbers of chromosomes in varied combination

Front 26

Regulation of Gene Expression

Back 26

1. Cells control frequency which an individual gene's transcribed

2. Different mRNA's may be translated at different rates

3. Proteins require modification before they can carry out their functions

4. Life span of a protein can be regulated

Front 27

Central Dogma

Back 27

DNA is transcribed into mRNA then translated into protein

Front 28

Griffith's Transformation

Back 28

Attempt to make a vaccine for streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium

R-Strains: Didn't cause pneumonia when injected

S-Strains: Deadly, caused pneumonia - killed mice

When S-Train was killed, injected into mice, didn't cause disease, proving S-Strain was disease causing agent

Front 29

Spontaneous Abortion

Back 29

Noninduced embryonic or fetal death or passage of products of conception before 20 week gestation

Front 30

X-Ray Diffraction

Back 30

Pattern of DNA shows that DNA is a double helix