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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ionic Bond
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electrostatic bond that exists between 2 ions as the result of a transfer of electrons. ex. NaCl
-relatively weak in water -rarely find ionic molecules, break into ions (electrolytes) |
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Covalent bond
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-bond that exists between 2 atoms as the result of sharing electrons.
-nonpolar:equal sharing of electrons, maintain biological structure -polar:unequal sharing of electrons (thus imparting a polarity to the resulting molecule) |
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Hydrogen bond
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electrostatic attraction that exists between the positively charged hydrogens on a polar molecule and the negatively charged oxygen or nitrogens on the same or different polar molecule
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cohsion
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water molecules attract to anything polar
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heat of vaporization
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water resists evaporation
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heat
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measure of the rate of molecular motion
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hydrophilic
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attracted to water
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hydrophobic
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not attracted to water, can't dissovle
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importance of hydrogen bonds
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physical properties of H20 and solubility characteristics, structure of proteins, informational integrity of DNA
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Inorganic
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H2O, CO2, O2, electrolytes/ions, acids, base
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Organic
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C-H covalently bonded, macromolecules
-carbohydrates -proteins -nucleic acid -lipids |
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Water
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-Solvent
-metabolyte -temperature stabilizer -electrolytes (ions) |
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solvent
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dissolves things that have polarity. vehicle for transport (lipids don't dissolve)
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metabolyte
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anything that enters a metabolic reaction
ex. H2O, CO2, O2 |
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electrolytes
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-Na+ :nerve impulse
-K+ : nerve impulse -Ca+2: bones, calcium phosphate, muscle contraction -PO4:bones,phospholipid, nucleic acid, ATP -Fe: blood, hemoglobin = O2, coenzyme -NO3: essential to plants for making a.a. -Mg- cell respiration, chlorophyll |
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acid
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proton donor (H+)
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base
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proton acceptor (remove H+ ions)
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Carbohydrate (simple)
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-CHO ratio is 2:1
-simple carbohydrates (sugars): pentose (5 carbon),hexose (6 carbon)-glucose,fructose,galactlose, disaccharide:made by 2 monosaccharides |
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Complex carbohydrates
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-polysaccharides
-starch:plant, not all plant cells produce starch -cellulose:plant, all plant cells produce cellulose -glycogen -chitin |
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Starch
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-plant storage for glucose
-1000-20,000 glucose units -alpha glycosidic linkage |
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cellulose
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-structural component of cell walls
-enzyme puts it together if its in beta form -linear model -most abundant organic molecule in nature |
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glycogen
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-animal storage molecule for glucose
-alpha link (short term) -stored in liver, muscle tissue -increase glucose stimulates beta cells which allows for release of insulin->liver glucose uptake->glycogen -glucagon can target liver cells -pancreatic beta cells make insulin |
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Chitin
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important structural component of exoskeleton in arthropod
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Proteins
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-made inside cells
-protein is what makes a cell structurally and functionally what it is -building blocks are amino acids (monopeptide) -polypeptide -has primary,secondary,teritiary,and quartinary structure |
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peptide linkage
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holds amino acids together
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primary structure
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linear sequence of amino acids
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secondary structure
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-alpha helix, beta pleated sheet
-H bonds maintain the structure (not between radical groups) |
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teritiary structure
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-bond between radical group
-H-bonds -ionic bond -disulfide bridge -hydrophobic attraction |
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quartinary structure
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2 or more polypeptide chains
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final shape of proteins
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tertiary or quartinary
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enzyme
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organic catalyst-speeds up reaction
enzymes are reaction specific |
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active site
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region of enzyme that fits on substrate
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chemical complimentary
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"fits"
(charge, shape) |
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denaturation
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breaking of bonds that will destroy secondary and teritiary structure
-heat -acids -bases -alcohol |
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Protein function
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-enzyme catalyst
-support (structural)(architectural) -movement: microfilaments,myosin, actin -defense: antibodies:specific proteins will latch onto disease causing agents -transport:hemoglobin:produced in rbc, transports O2 -hormones |
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Nucleic acids
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(polynucleotides) informational
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gene
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stretch of DNA that carries info of amino acid sequence
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chromosomes
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long DNA molecule with different segments containing info, many genes
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gametes
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sex cells
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DNA
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-deoxyribonucleic acid
-directs protein synthesis -self-replication: transfer of hereditary info from cell to cell when they divide and from generation to generation. -A,G,C,T -double stranded-double helix |
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RNA
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-ribonucleic acid
-carries out assembly of a.a. -ribose -A,G,C,U -single strand |
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nucleotides
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building block of DNA-pentose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
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complimentary nitrogenous base pairing
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4 bases, 20 a.a.
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Lipids
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-insoluble in H2O
-soluble in one another -nonpolar -building block:acetic acid 1. triglycerides(3 FA chains) 2. phospholipids 3. steroids |
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saturated fat
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fatty acid chain can't get more H+
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unsaturated
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double bonds (oils)
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phospholipids
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-2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate
-head:polar, tail:nonpolar -structural component of all membranes -phospholipid bilayer, fluid (flow) |
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steroids
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-cholesterol:precursor for steroid hormones
-produced in adrenal cortex-glucocortoids-glucose metabolism (cortisol) -mineralcorticoids- electrolye balance (aldosterone) -gonads- testosterone, estrogen, progesterone |
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terpenes
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chains with carbons attached-keratine
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cell theory
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-all living things are made up of 1 or more cells
-cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things -all cells come from pre existing cells |
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cytoplasm
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-cytosol: H2O,electrolytes, small organic solutes
-organelles: suspended in cytosol, complex organic structure and they serve a purpose (often surrounded by a membrane) vesicle |
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Prokaryotes
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-bacteria
-lack a nucleus (nucleoid)-circular chromosomes (naked) -lack any "free" membrane surrounded organelles -cell wall-peptidoglycon |
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Eukaryotes
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-possess a nucleus-complex linear chromosomes
-possess free membrane surrounded organelles |
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Plasma membrane
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-phospholipid bilayer
-cholesterol:OH which sticks out to water.helps stabilize membrane -proteins: integral proteins are built into the membrane peripheral proteins are not built into the membrane but is attached to the integral protein. |
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Functions of membrane proteins
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1. channels-serves as a passageway for the transport of molecules
2. carriers-grab a molecule and changes their shape to bring molecule to the other end 3.receptors 4.stabilizing membranes 5.glycoproteins & glycolipids act as surface markers which recognize cells 6.self-identity 7.cell adhesion 8.enzymes |
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Diffusion
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random movement of molecules from an area of high concenration to an area of low concentration. small nonpolar molecules (O2, CO2) soluble in lipids and water
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passive transport
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requires kinetic engergy of motion. no cell energy expenditure. Ex. diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
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osmosis
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diffusion of H2O through a membrane
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hypotonic
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higher H2O concectration, lower solute outside of cell. contractile vacoule in cell emties out H2O
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hypertonic
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lower H2O, higher solute outside of cell
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extracelluar fluid
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water on the outside of the cell
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facilitated diffusion
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needs a carrier, doesn't reach dynamic equilibrium ex: sugar molecule just binds
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active transport
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requires cell work
-carriers (proteins) -molecules moved against graddients -energy-ATP |
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primary active transport
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-ion pumps: Na+ K+ pump
-when a molecule is phosphorylated, it has more energy |
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secondary active transport
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no energy required because there's a radient of Na+ going in
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vesicular transport
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-endocytosis:bringing big molecules in
-phagocytosis: cell eating (protein, starch) -pinocytosis: cell drinking (dipeptides, disaccharides) -receptor mediated: molecules bind to receptors and a vesicle forms. |
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Endomembrane system in eukaryotes
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endoplasmic reticulum, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes, ribosomes
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ribosomes
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-protein factories
-rRNA -ribosomal protein -tRNA:attaches to a.a. from cytoplasm and brings to ribosomes |
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free ribosomes
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synthesis of proteins to be used intracellularly except for proteins that are imbedded in a membrane
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endoplasmic reticulum
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system of channels and tubes, lumen (interior), rough ER has ribosomes attached
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smooth ER
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membranous tubes, lipid synthesis. liver cells contain smooth ER for detoxification
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rough ER
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more flattened vesicles that have ribosomes attached
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golgi apparatus
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-system of flattened vesicles that stack up on eachother
-modification of proteins -cis face-receiving side -trans face-maturing face -sorting of proteins -packaging of proteins |
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lysosomes
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contain hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases)
intracellular digestion |
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mitochondria
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powerhouse of the cell
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locomotor organelles
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cilia & flagella, structurally and functionally analogous (same internal structure, same function, differ in degree)
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cilia
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numerous "short"
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flagella
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single, few, "long"
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