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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Voltage-gated K+ channel
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4 S.U.(6 MSD) S1-S6
S4 voltage sensor (+) opens during depolarization S5-S6 loop, lines pore-selectivity filter |
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Activates Protein Kinase C
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Ca+,DAG
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PLC
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PLC = Phospholipase C; splits lipids, cleaves PIP2 into DAG and IP3
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synaptotagmin
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Binds Calcium and stimulates exocytosis of vesicle contents (example of V-SNARE), Calcium sensor
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repolarization of AP
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1) inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels
2) Opening of delayed rectifiers – voltage-gated K+ channels |
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NMDA
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glutamate
4 S.U. 3 MSD M1,M3,M4 M2 = p-loop (half-way thr. membrane) Mg++ block (depo. removes) Na+,K+,Ca++ Na+ more depo. adds late EPSP |
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PKA
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protein kinase A
2 reg. S.U. 2 inactive catalytic S.U. 4 cAMP mol. (2 each) to activate targets spec. AA on proteins and phos. to modify(in. or de. activity) |
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cAMP
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second messenger produced by enzyme adenyl cyclase
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metabotropic
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receptor that
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kinesin
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molecular motor responsible for movement of vesicles to nerve terminal, walks on microtubules
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long range
vs. short range cues for axon |
netrins = l.r.
semaphorins = s.r. ? = s.r. |
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CNS macroglia
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astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
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principle of dynamic polariztion
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uni-directional flow (AP)
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spines
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knobby appendage on dendrite
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netrin
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chemoattractive element for axon extension, l.r.
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cadherins
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cell surface protein? - grow this way
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ephrin
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cell surface protein? - grow away
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semaphorin
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chemorepulsive element for axon extension, s.r.
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Roger Sperry
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frog eye experiment - axonal pathfinding
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Na/K Pump
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Uses transmembrane proteins
ATP dependent 2 K+ in/ 3 Na+ out restores [] gradient |
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microglia
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immune system derived, role in infection and injury
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oligodendrocyte
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myelinate axons of the CNS. Also support the neuronal cell body in the gray matter - multiple axons
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schwann cells
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myelinate axons of the PNS - single axons
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astrocyte
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Support role
Role in blood brain barrier May bring nutrients to neurons Maintain proper ion balance |
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axonal pathfinding
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1) ECM adhesion - Collagen, Laminins
2) cell surface adhesion 3) fasiculation (pioneer neuron) - cadherin 4) chemoattraction - netrins 5) contact inhibition 6) chemorepulsion - semaphorins |
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Chemotropism
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movement caused by chemical factors. Long-range signals are soluble factors released by intermediate targets
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Voltage-gated Na+ channel
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4 S.U. 6 MSD
S1?-S6 S5-S6 selectivity pore S4 voltage sensor |
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Voltage-gated Ca++ channel
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4 S.U. 6 MSD
S1?-S6 S5-S6 selectivity pore S4 voltage sensor |
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equation
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V=IR
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TTX, TEA
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V-d Na+, V-d K+
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gap junction
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made up of connexins
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v-SNARE
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vesicle-SNARE, VAMP
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t-SNARE
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transmembrane-SNARE, syntaxin + SNAP-25
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SNARE hypothesis
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v+tSNARES hold vesicle to presynaptic membrane, held until Ca++ influx signals release, two cytoplasmic proteins SNAP and NSF hydrolyze ATP to uncouple
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SNARE uncoupler
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SNAP and NSF
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ionotropic
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direct ion channel gating
AMPA, NMDA |
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metabotropic
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G-protein meditated indirect ion channel gating
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noradrenergic system
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Locus Coeruleus
‘vigilance and responsiveness to unexpected stimuli’ |
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Serotonergic System
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Raphe Nuclei
‘sleep/waking, cortical responsiveness’ |
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Dopaminergic cell groups
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A9 Substantia Nigra
A10 Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) ‘Emotion, Memory Storage’ (mostly reward based memory) |
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Cholinergic System
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Basal Forebrain
‘sleep/wake cycle, learning’ |
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dermatome
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The area of skin innervated by a single dorsal root
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Meissner's corpuscle
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superficial
small RF R.A. |
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Merkel cell
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superficial
small RF S.A. |
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Pacinian corpuscle
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deep
large RF R.A. |
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Ruffini ending
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deep
large RF S.A. |
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spectrin
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protein that links cytoskeleton to stretch sensitive cation channels(Na+, Ca++) which influx depo. and produce receptor potential
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muscle spindle
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in skeletal muscle signals muscle length and the speed at which the muscle is stretched
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rhodopsin
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photopigment in the outer segments of both photoreceptors, changes config. w/ light
made up of protein opsin, and light sens. retinal in 7 MSD |
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Photoelectric transduction (light voltage change)
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-Stimulation of the chromophore by light
-reduces the concentration of cGMP in the cytoplasm -hyperpolarizes photoreceptor by closing cation channels -decreases transmitter released by the photoreceptor |
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primary somatic sensory cortex
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S1
Brodmann's 1,2,3a,3b |
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posterior parietal cortex
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Brodmann's 5,7
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secondary somatic sensory cortex
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S2
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primary visual cortex
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area 17
LGN term. in layer 4 mostly spiny stellate, pyramidal w/ spines = ex. smooth stellate = in. |
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M cells
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ventral 1,2 LGN
luminance contrast temporal frequency |
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P cells
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dorsal 3,4,5,6 LGN
color contrast spatial frequency |
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mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR)
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signals from it activate spinal locomotor system relayed via neurons in the medial reticular formation (MRF)
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superior colliculus
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contributes to visually guided eye movements
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pretectal area
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important for pupillary reflexes
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lateral geniculate nucleus
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and from there to the visual cortex, processes visual information for perception
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glutamate
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main ex. NT
Na+,K+,Ca++ |
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GABA
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main in. ionotropic NT, or glycine
Cl- |
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non-NMDA
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low g
early EPSP |
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NMDA
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high g
late EPSP req. glycine as cof. Mg++ block |
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medial descending pathway
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posture- visual, vestibular, somatosensory
-vestibulo spinal(m,l) -reticulo spinal(m.l) -tectospinal |
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lateral descending pathway
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distal limbs- goal directed
-rubrospinal(cortico in humans) |
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primary motor cortex
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brodmann 4
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premotor cortex
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brodmann 6
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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in sarcolemma, release Ca++
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