Bio 346 Pathophysiology Quiz 4

Front 1

Type I: "Hay Fever"
Reactions

Back 1

Allergic rhinitis & Allergic conjunctivitis
Reaction to inhaled allergens (pollen)

Front 2

Atopic Individuals tend to produce higher concentrations of this type of mast cell receptor?

Back 2

Immunoglobin IgE

Front 3

This causes plasma cells to switch from making IgG to makeing IgE?

Back 3

IL4

Front 4

Type I: Bronchial Asthma
Pathogenesis
Symptoms

Back 4

Pathogenesis:
1. Inflammaiton and swelling of the respiratory mucosa
2. Bronchospasm; dyspnea
3. Hypersecretion of mucus; leads to blockage
Symptoms: Airway obstruction w/ wheezing, coughing and/or difficulty breathing

Front 5

True or False:
All asthma is due to allergies

Back 5

False
Asthma is not due to all types of allergies

Front 6

Type I: Urticaria (Hives)
What type of allergens would cause your skin react to histamine?
What are some symptoms?

Back 6

Food (shellfish, peanuts), drugs, or insect stings
Symptoms:
Severe itching, raised areas of redness and swelling

Front 7

True of False
Can Urticaria lead to asphyxiation involving the pharynx?

Back 7

True

Front 8

True or False
Emotional stress, infections and allergens can all lead to hives?

Back 8

True

Front 9

What is another medical term for Eczema?

Back 9

Atopic Dermatitis

Front 10

Type I: Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
Symtoms

Back 10

Itchy res rash that weeps or oozes serum and may become crusted

Front 11

What is the percentage of children that have Eczema?
What percentage of those children have a family history of allergies?

Back 11

10%
50%

Front 12

True or False
Eczema is due to all types of allergies

Back 12

False
Eczema is not due to all types of allergies

Front 13

Type I: Gastrointestinal Allergy
How is the allergen exposed?

Back 13

Allergens enter though the mouth

Front 14

What are four symptoms of Gastrointestinal Allergies?

Back 14

1. Vomiting
2. Diarrhea
3. Abdominal pain
4. Anaphylaxis

Front 15

What are the eight most common Gastrointestinal allergens?

Back 15

1. Milk
2. Chocolate
3. Citrus Fruits
4. Eggs
5. Wheat
6. Nuts
7. Peanut Butter
8. Fish (shellfish)

Front 16

True or False
Breakdown of food, an additive or preservative could all cause a Gastrointestinal Allergy?

Back 16

True

Front 17

Type 1: Anaphylaxis
Define

Back 17

A rapid and severe response that can be either systemic (generalized) or cutaneous (localized)

Front 18

What type of symptoms could a "mild" case of anaphylaxis cause?

Back 18

Itching, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps and breathing difficulties

Front 19

What type of symptoms could a "severe" case of anaphylaxis cause?

Back 19

Laryngeal edema, respiriatory distress (bronchial asthma w/o shock), decreased blood pressure, shock and death

Front 20

Mechanism of Type II: Tissue-specific Reactions
1. What are formed against tissue-specific antigens?
2. How are these cells destroyed and by what organism?

Back 20

1. Antibodies
2. Phagocytosis by macrophages

Front 21

True of False
A complement cell will attach to a basophil by chemotaxis

Back 21

False
Complement cells attach to neutrophils

Front 22

What are two different types of Type II reactions?

Back 22

Non-autoimmune and Autoimmune

Front 23

Non-autoimmune Type II reactions:
1. What could cause a transfusion reaction?
2. What could cause a hemolytic disease of a newborn?

Back 23

1. Mismatched blood types
2. Due to ABO blood type or Rh incompatibility

Front 24

Autoimmune Type II reactions:
1. What substances can act like haptens?
2. Define hapten.
3. Examples?

Back 24

1. Foreign Drugs or Compounds
2. Attach to cell wall and make it look like it is foreign
3. Chronic hemolytic anemia, myasthenia gravis

Front 25

Mechanism of Type III: Immune Complex Mediated Injury
1. Antibodies are directed against a soluble antigen in what type of substance?
2. What type of formation is made b/n antigen and antibody?
3. Where does this mechanism most occur?

Back 25

1. Serum
2. Circulating Antigen-antibody complex
3. Basement membrane of glomeruli

Front 26

What are the 3 harmful effection due to complement activation in type III mechanism?

Back 26

1. It is chemotactic to neutrophils
2. Large amounts of lysosomal enzymes are released
3. Results in tissue damage

Front 27

Immune Complex Deposition

Back 27

1. Not organ specific
2. Antigen-antibody equivalence
3. Often triggered by increased vascular permeability & most likely in increased blood pressure and turbulence

Front 28

Why are the surrounding tissues damaged by the phagocyte when attacking the Ag/Ab complex?

Back 28

Because the phagocyte can't completely surround the Ag/Ab complex, so the enzymes released damages its surroundings.

Front 29

Define the following:
Immune-complex glomerulonephritis

Back 29

Immune complexes are trapped between filtration slits in glomerulus.
Can cause renal failure.

Front 30

Define the following:
Rheumatoid Arthritis

Back 30

Autoantibody vs. gamma globulin complexes deposited in synovial membranes (joints) often post-streptococcal infection

Front 31

Define the following:
Systemic Lupus Erythematousus (SLE)

Back 31

Production of a large variety of autoantibodies, including ones against DNA and RNA.
Lots of remissions/exacerbation's due to Ab production being quite variable.
Can be triggered by stress, steroids, pathogens, and allergens

Front 32

Mechanism of Type IV: Delayed Hypersensativity

Back 32

1. T lymphocytes, not antibodies, are responsible for tissue injury.
2. T cells release inflammatory chemical mediators.
3. T cells also attack and destroy cellular targets directly.
4. T cells typically aggregate at the site of injury.

Front 33

True or False
T cell are not responsible for tissue injury

Back 33

False
They are responsible for tissue injury

Front 34

How many types of modes of attack does Type IV mechanism have and what are they?

Back 34

2 different types
Tc cells and activated macrophages

Front 35

True of False:
Tc cells have an indirect cytotoxic activity and also stimulate Td cells

Back 35

False
They have a direct cytotoxic

Front 36

Define the following:
Contract dermatitis
Examples?

Back 36

Leads to inflammation only at point of contact. (immediate reaction are usually more widespread)
Ex. Rubber gloves (latex), gold, silver & poison ivy/oak

Front 37

Define the following:
Graft rejection

Back 37

Grafts contain foreign antigens need to inhibit recipient's immune system.

Front 38

What is given to a patient when undergoing a graft transplant?

Back 38

Immunosuppression

Front 39

Autoimmune Disease

Back 39

1. Breakdown of tolerance
2. Genetic factors are important
3. Original Insult (may be identifiable cause, often preexisting infections that leave no trace
4. Type II or Type III hypersensitivity
5. Some autoimmune diseases are organ-specific and others systemic in distribution

Front 40

What are the two theories of autoimmune disease development?

Back 40

1. Normal self antigens are altered by a drug. pathogen, or other mutation and are no longer seen as "self"
2. Antibodies against foreign antigens cross-react with a similar self-antigen

Front 41

Systemic Lupus Erythematousus (SLE)
Epidemiology

Back 41

1 in 2,500 people
10x more in women than men
Usually young adults, buy any age
Familial (Identical Twins have 30% concordance rate)
5 year survival rate (93-95%)

Front 42

Systemic Lupus Erythematousus (SLE)
Symptoms

Back 42

Athritis (90%)
Vasculitis and rash (75%)
Kidney disease (40-50%)
blood abnormalities (50%)
Cardiovascular diseases (30-50%)

Front 43

Systemic Lupus Erythematousus (SLE)
Characteristics

Back 43

1. Characterized by widespread damage to fibrous connective tissue
2. A large variety of autoantibodies are produced, including ones against DNA and RNA (ANA's Anti-nuclear antibodies)
3. Involves both Type II & Type III mechanisms

Front 44

Systemic Lupus Erythematousus (SLE)
Treatment

Back 44

1. Immunosuppressive drugs
2. Adrenal corticosteroids (strong anti-inflammatories)
3. Cytotoxic drugs (decrease immune response)

Front 45

Define the following:
Immunodeficiency

Back 45

Immune system fails to develop normally
May involve primary B calls or different types of T cells or it may be generalized

Front 46

What is a primary immunodeficiency disease?

Back 46

Congenital disease that you are born with

Front 47

What is a secondary immunodeficiency disease?

Back 47

Acquired disease as a result of infections, metabolic diseases, cancer, or treatment (radiation therapy)

Front 48

What are all immunodeficiencies characterized by?

Back 48

Lymphopenia (deficiency of lymphocytes)

Front 49

Primary (Congenital) Immunodeficiency
Define
Clinical examples

Back 49

1. Inborn disorders affection the differentiation and maturation of the T and B lymphocytes
2. Isolated deficiency of IgA, Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), High incidence in Arabian horses indicated a possible genetic factor

Front 50

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Characteristics in children

Back 50

Children lack both B and T cells
Thymus is hypoplastic, lymph nodes small
Usually die early in infancy
No lymphocytes, antibodies, cell mediated leads to no immunity