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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immune System
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Protects body from harmful organisms
Identifies "self" (normal healthy tissue) from "non-self" (something thats not supposed to be there) |
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Antigens v. Antibodies
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Antigens=cell surface proteins or carbohydrates that trigger an immune response
Antibodies= proteins that attach to antigens and signal destruction |
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parts of immune system
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Large scale: organ/tissue systems
Lymphatics: network of vessels Lymph nodes,spleen,thymus: mature and process lymphocytes Bone Marrow: stem cells that give rise to millions of new lymphocytes every day |
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Small scale
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=white blood cells
Macrophages= scavenger cells that alert immune system by binding antigens Lymphoctyes= includes T and B cells |
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1st line of defense
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Physical barrier to infection (protection and prevention)
-skin -nose and ear hairs -earwax -stomach acid -Mucous membranes -Cilia in respiratory tract |
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2nd line of defense
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Innate Immune Response (generalized)
when physical barrier breached, activated w/in minutes Inflammation: redness, swelling, heat and pain-> sends in "garbage disposal" cells can prevent infection |
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2nd line of defense systems
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Complement system: plasma proteins that destroy bacteria and viruses, release histamine (assists inflammation)
Collectins: help detect non-self by attaching to sugars on membranes around bacteria, viruses, and yeasts |
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Cytokines
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Interferons: attract macrophages to virus infected cells (macrophages will eat bacteria, etc)
Interleukins: cause fever |
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3rd line of defense
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Adaptive Immune system (specific)
Days to initiate B and T cells Diverse: attacks different pathogens Specific: recognizes invaders Memory: 2nd response faster and stronger |
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Humoral Immune Response
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Directed by B cell that secrete antibodies into blood stream
1.antigen-presenting macrophage acativates T cell 2.T cell contacts B cell w/ compatible surface receptors 3.specific B cell type proliferates (divide and conquer) 4.B cell becomes active against bacteria, viruses, and toxins |
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B cell proliferation
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B cells can produce antibodies specific to anitgens
Proliferating B cell develops into: -Plasma cells: antibody factories -Memory cells: activated during 2nd infection; stronger, specific 2nd time around |
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Cellular Immune Response
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Directed by T cells that travel to site of infection
-helps recognize self vs. non-self -T cells produce cytokines and activate other cells -active against infected tissue and cells -fungi,protozoe, and worms |
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Cellular Immune Reponse + cells
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Helper T cells (CD4): recognize non-self antigens, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, release cytokines, activate cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8): attack/kill infected and cancer cells (killer T cells) |
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how does immune system recognize self from non-self?
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characteristics of cell surface
Proteins and carbohydrates on surface of cells provide cell identity |
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ABO Blood groups
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Type O = universal donor
Type AB= universal recipient |
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Rh Factor
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Rh= protein on surface of red blood cells determined by 3 different genes (C, D, E)
Rh+ have protein Rh- lack prtein problem in pregnancy if a Rh- woman has a Rh+ child. (antibodies will attack red blood cells of fetus) |
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Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC |
~70 genes, some code for cell surface molecules
-proteins attach to sugars (glycoprotein)that sticks up from cell surface -glycoproteins can attach to bacterial and viral proteins -involved in antigen processing and presentation reponsible for self v.non-self identities |
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Inherited Immune Deficiencies
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=genes that code for immune reponse proteins are defective; diminished ability to defend against infection.
SCID(severe combined immune deficiencies) not make B cells or not make B and T cells... bubble boy |
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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caused by HIV virus
Infects macrophages, helper T cells, and cytotoxic T cells Attaches to protein on surface (CD4 and CCR5) Makes person vulnerable to infection and cancer |
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Autoimmune Diseases
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Immune system produces antibodies that attack body (self)
Viral infection, incorrect selection for T cells, or similarity b/w an antigen and a cell surface molecule |
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Allergies
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Immune system response to nonharmful substance
large environmental componenet |
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Asthma
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150 million ppl worldwide
180,000 deaths/year high economic costs |
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Helping the Immune system
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Vaccines: an inactive or partial pathogen elicits an immune response. B cells produce antibodies that give the body resistence
First was against smallpox |
