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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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synapomorphy
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shared, derived characteristics
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clade
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related branches
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node
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common ancestor
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monophyletic
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common ancestor and all decendants
ex. green algae and land plants |
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paraphyletic
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common ancestor, not all descendants
ex. green algae |
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polyphyletic
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no common ancestor ex. algae
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Green Algae
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Unicellular and multicelluar, freshwater, marine and terrestrial, no embryos, no cuticle, most similar to land plants of all algae are chlorophylls a and b, carotenoid pigments-photoprotection, cellulose cell walls, starch stored in chloroplasts
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Green Algae- multinucleate
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coenocytic- consisting of multinucleate cells
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green algae- thallus
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simple structure, seaweed has a flat or tubular thallus- undifferentiated body
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green algae- carotenoid pigments
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A reddish/orange plastid pigment
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green algae- phycoplast
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pic from cytokinesis/compares to phragmoplast
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green algae- phragmoplast
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a body, consisting of microtubules and vesicles, involved in the synthesis of the cell place during cytokinesis of plant cells
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Mosses
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one lineage of bryophyes, having gametophytes with leaflike, stemlike and rootlike organs, and producing sporophyes that grown on and up above the gametophye, with a stalk and a capsule containing spores
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mosses- gametophyte
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the gamete producing plant
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mosses- flagellar roots
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lec 1, page 3, roots coming off of basal bodies with flagella, can be symmetrical or multilayered structure
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homiohydric- mosses
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avoid desiccation- common in vascular plants
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mosses- poikilohydric
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desiccation tolerant
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mosses- endohydric
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adaptations to maintain hydration are cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue, absorbs water inside, stomata take in co2 w/o losing too much h20, vasc tissue distributes h20 - vasc plants and some bryophytes
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mosses-ectohydric
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surface capillary spaces maintain hydration, hydration from the outside- most bryophytes
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sporophyte- mosses
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in mosses, sporophytes are capsules
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Mosses- spores
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Spores germinate to form protonema that resembles filamentous green alga.
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Mosses- capsule
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sporangium
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mosses- calyptra
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archegonium
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mosses-peristome
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disperses spores
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Liverworts- gametophyte
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bilaterally symmeltrical- complex thalloid, simple thalloid, leafy
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Liverworts- Thalloid
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Marchantia has thallus with midrib, surface with polygons and each polygon has a central pore.
Layers pore, epidermis, photosynthetic cells, colorless cells with air chamber at top (pore) |
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Liverworts- photosynthetic cells
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cells under epidermis, above colorless cells
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liverworts- gemmae cups
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small masses of vegetative tissue, scattered by rain drops, develop into new thallus- part of asexual reproduction
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liverworts- gemmae
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found inside of gemma cups- small masses of vegetative tissue- part of asexucal reproduction
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liverworts- antheridiophores
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have antheridium with developing sperm inside
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liverworts- archegoniophores
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archegonia stem attaches to egg, becomes embryo
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liverworts- sporophyte
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develops in archegonium, spores are formed by meiosis
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liverworts- foot
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end of sporophyte
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liverworts- stalk
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between sporangium and foot
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liverworts- sporangium
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large, round part of sporophyte
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liverworts- calyptra
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archegonium of liverworts, around/at end of sporangium
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liverworts- elaters
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elaters help to disperse spores.
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Hornworts- gametophyte
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thalloid gametophyte- one chloroplast per cell, pyrenoids, harbor blue-green algae
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hornworts- sporophyte
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horn shaped with elaters that disperse spores, has cuticle, stomata
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hornworts-spores
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on sporophytes, wind blown spores
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Seedless vascular plants- cuticle
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present on plants with fuctional stomata
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SVP- lignin
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In vascular tissue
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SVP- megaphyll
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a leaf whose trace is marked with a gap in the stem's vascular system; megaphylls are thought to represent modified branch systems.
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SVP- microphylls
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a leaf whose trace is not marked with a gap in the stem's vascular system; microphylls are thought to represent epidermal outgrowths
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SVP- dichotomous branching
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the forking of an exis into two branches
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SVP- rhizome
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an elongated, underground, horizontal stem
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SVP- roots
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a usually undergound organ adapted for growth through soil and absorption of minerals and water, containing a central vascular cylinder, in cladistics, the oldest node in a clade or cladogram
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SVP- protostele
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Leaf trace, vascular bundle, found in lycophytes, whisk ferns, some ferns
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SVP- siphonostele
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pith, leaf trace, leaf gap, in some ferns
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SVP- eustele
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individual bundles, axial bundle, horsetails, seed plants with individual bundles of vascular tissue
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SVP- sporangia
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in lycophytes- lateral sporangia (includes club mosses and spike moss)
sporangia in sporophyll, sporophylls are leaves with sporangia attached 3 chambers full of haploid myospores- will grow into gametophytes- homosporous In Whisk ferns, terminal sporangia are on lateral branches. |
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SVP- strobilus
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in club mosses- sporophylls clustered at tips of branches
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SVP- spores
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haploid- all of them!!!
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SVP- sporophyll
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sporangium + microphyll
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SVP- sporangiophore
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strobili have sporgangiophores- homosporous- sporgangiophore is a hypha that bears one or more sporangia
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SVP- homospory
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the condition of producing one sort of spore only- (lycophytes- club mosses only), whisk ferns, horsetails, most true ferns
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SVP- heterospory-
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the condition of producing microspores and megaspores- (lycophytes- spike mosses), a few true ferns
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Fossils- compression
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sediment on top of plant which forms rock and leaves preserved plant, dead plants are buried in sediment, sediment prevents air. Oxygen and hydrocarbons are preserving
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fossils- cast and mold
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plant decays, the void is filled by rock (cast), the cast is the negative space
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fossils- petrification
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tissue replaced by minerals (ex. petrified wood)
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fossils- form genus
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not whole plant, just one part, similar leaves stems or roots are assigned to a form genus, a whole plant may be classified in several form genera
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fossils- Ordovician Period
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spores and liverworts, also when fish were radiating, probably about 500 mya
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Fossils- Silurian Period
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Oldest plant macrofossils- spores- mosses, hornworts, SVPs, slightly less than ordovician period and slightly more than devonian
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Devonian Period- Fossils
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Middle of Paleozoic area- Diverse vascular plant flora, younger than silurian and ordovician
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Carboniferous Period
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forests of seedless vascular plants- closer to 300 MYA, younger than devonian period
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True Ferns- sporophyte
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rhizome with roots, shoot apical meristem, crozier or fiddlehead and megaphyll with sporangia
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True Ferns- fiddleheads
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croziers- unroll very fast
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True Ferns- Sorus
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sporangia clustered in sori- 1. seperate sporangia- no sori, most primitive
2. marginal sorus- extended leaf margin 3. submarginal sorus- false indusium 4. intramarginal sorus- indusium |
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TF- indusium
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little flaps of tissue that protects sorgania, keeps from drying out when developing
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TF- leptosporangia
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few spores, wall is one cell layer thick, slender stalk, annulus for spore dispersal, develop from a single cell, only in leptosporangiate ferns
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TF- Annulus-
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aids in spore dispersal, in ferns, a row of specialized cells in a sporangium, of importance n opening of the psorganium; in mosses, thick walled cells along the rim of the sporganium to which teh peristome is attached
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TF- Stalk
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slender
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TF- dictyostele
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type of stele found in true ferns- siphonostele with lots of leaves very close together
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TF- gametophytes
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have archegonia, photosynthetic cells, spore wall, rhizoids, antheridia- smaller ones are all males, large are bisexual, haploid!!
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Fern Life cycle
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sporophyte (2n) gives off spores (n) go to gametophyte (n) mitosis prod. gametes (n) to embryo (2n) back to sporophyte (2n)
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Leptosporangiate
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True Ferns- largest and most diverse group of SVP's, a monophyletic group- sing common ancestor, dist from other SVP's by leptosporangia. Most homosporous
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Green Algae- Chlorophyceans
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genus- Volvox species- Linnaeus
most complex of the motile colonial chlorophycean algae. connections by cytoplasmic strands and daughter colonies develop within each parent colony. |
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Green Algae- Ulvophyceans
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genus- Ulva Sea lettuce- marine environments where it attaches to rocks and pilings by means of a holdfast.
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Green Algae- charophyceae
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Nitella- thallus into nodes and internodes. Indiv cells are large and multinucleate.
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Bryophytes- Mosses- Physcomitrella
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Physcomitrella patens- be able to see chlorplasts, cross walls and buds- complete genome seq. just published a few months ago.
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bryophytes- liverworts-
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Marchantia- high specialized thalose liverowrts with elevated gametangia. polygonal plates with central pores, gemmae cups, rhizoids and scales, air chambers etc.
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bryophytes- hornworts
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anthoceros- gametophyte and horn shaped sporophyte present. central axis and spores present on sporophyte
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SVP- lycophytes
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lepidodendron- stem from genus lepidodendron- woody trunks with leave scars (scaly), rhizome from genus stigmaria- circular scars in a spiral arrangement. leaf from genus lepidophylloides- linear leaves with central vascular bundle, strobilus from lepidostrobus- size of large pine cones
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SVP- Club mosses
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Huperzia- formerly lycopodium- stems are dichotomously branched and have protostels. leaves are mirophylls and single vascular bundle. sporgangia borne on sporophylls, may be clustered in strobili.
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SVP- Lycophytes- Spike Mosses
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Selaginella- two types of spores- megaspores and microspores, heterosporous
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SVP- Monilophytes- Whisk Ferns
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Psilotum- has eusporangia with massive stalks, many spores and multi layered sporganial wall.
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SVP- True Ferns- Ceratopteris
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what we grew, water makes archegonial neck open, bumps at base of archegonia are embryo sporophytes.
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SVP- True Ferns- Marsilea
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sporgania of marsilea are contained in hard, descication resistant structures called sporocarps. sorophore with attached sori swells and emerges from the sporocarp. ID megaspores and microspores. compare this plant to a water lily.
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SVP- True Ferns- Azolla
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pouches on the underside of the leaves of this floating fern hold symbiotic blue green algae.
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