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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(T/F) Archaea do not look like bacteria |
false |
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how did scientists find the difference between archaea and bacteria? year? |
1970s and because of the ribosomal RNA` |
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what is an extremeophile? |
archaea: represent 20% of microbial cells in the oceans, live in high temp/low temp, high/low pH, also they are present in normal habitats among the plankton community |
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what are methanogens? |
first "archaeons" poorly characterized as microbes producing methane gas |
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what is the habitat for halobacterium salinarium? |
dead sea, salted foods |
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what is the habitat for Pyrococcus furiosus? |
hydrothermal vents; used as DNA polymerase is PCR (can be used at high temps) |
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what is the habitat for Picrophilus oshimae? |
sulfur rich volcanic regions |
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what is the habitat for methanogenium frigidum? |
ace lake, antartica |
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(T/F) the size and shape of bacteria and archaea are very similar |
true |
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what is the size of archaea? |
0.5-5 micrometers, but it can vary greatly |
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do archaea have membrane-bound nucleus? |
no |
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(T/F) Archaea have unique plasma membrane. |
true |
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what is a histone? |
they are structures that control the expression of genes and they are made up of proteins/carbs/lipids. Positively charged, pack the DNA into one area. |
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(T/F) the shapes of bacteria and archaea are different. |
false; all of the shapes that bacteria have, archaea also have them |
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(T/F) Ignicoccus and nanoachaeum are never found next to eachtoher. |
false; they are always found next to each other but the reason for this is unknown |
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can both the size and shape of archaea vary? |
yes; archaea have rods, spheres, spirals, irregular, and rectangular |
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what is the purpose of the rectangular shaped archaea? |
it is unknown, unique to archaea |
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how many histones are present in archaea/bacteria? |
only 4 in archaea and 8 in bacteria |
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(T/F) histones are exactly the same in archaea and eukarya. |
false; the structure and wrapping are very different |
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which proteins are present in archaea cytoskeleton? |
Ta0583; these are homologous to actin |
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(T/F) All archaeons have a PM and CW. |
false; they all have a PM but not all have CW |
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What is a monolayer? |
they are for extremely high temperatures, and each lipid has a phosphoglycerol molecule on both ends; unique to archaea |
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what is an isoprenoids? |
for archaea; they can be both monolayer or bilayer and they do not have fatty acids. They have ether linkages and it is a single layer when two glycerol molecules are connected to each other |
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(T/F) Ignicoccus are similar to gram positive cells. |
false; they are similar to gram negative cells in that they have an outer membrane and periplasm |
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what is the CW composed of in archaea? |
pseudomurein; NAG & NAT, peptide links to NAT, and it is an Lamino acid |
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how are archaeon flagella different from bacterial one? |
they are thinner, different flagellin proteins, they grow from the base rather than the tip, and they are solid rather than hollow |
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Where was the genetic code discovered? |
E. coli |
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Do archaea have pathogens? |
no |
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how long have we been studying archaea? |
about 20 years |
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What are crenarchaeota? |
thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, acidophiles, barophiles |
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What adaptations do crenarchaeota have? (5 answers) |
tetraether/monolayer lipids, more salt bridges/sidechain interactions in proteins, strong chaperone proteins, thermostable DNA-binding proteins, reverse DNA gyrase enzyme to increase DNA supercoiling |
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What are mesophiles? |
crenarchaeota that are detected by rRNA sequences and survive in 15-40C |
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What are psychrophiles? |
crenarchaeota that are detected by rRNA sequences and survive in <15C |
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What are methanogens? |
euryarchaeota; methane is odorless |
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What are halophiles? |
euryarchaeota; require NaCl concentration greater than 1.5M, like high salt environments (dead sea and great salt lake in Utah), they are phototrophes |
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how do halophiles deal with osmotic shock and loss of water? |
they have evolved a system to the point that the water is not hypertonic to them and they have a lot of potassium inside them |
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how do halophiles deal with the adaptation to salty environments? |
higher GC content to prevent DNA denaturing and highly acidic proteins remain stable in these environments which prevents protein denaturing |
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how do halophiles produce energy? |
use bacteriorhodopsin to harness light energy and produce proton motive force to make ATP |
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What is a nanoarchaeota? |
new phylum for archaea |
