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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(T/F) Mitochondria are present in bacteria. |
false |
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what is cytoplasm always covered with? |
plasma membrane |
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what is present inside all cells in the cytoplasm? |
ribosomes and genetic material (RNA & DNA) |
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What does the cytoplasm do? |
they maintain the shape of the cell |
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(T/F) Viruses are bigger than bacteria. |
False. viruses are very small |
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what is the average size of the bacterial cell? |
0.5-5 micrometer, smaller than eukaryal cells |
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what is a spherical (not circle) bacterial cell called? |
cocci |
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what is a rod-shaped bacterial cell called? |
bacilli |
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What is a cocco-bacillii cell? What is an example? |
it is both rod=shaped and spherical. E. coli |
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What does pleiomorphic? |
depending on their environment, bacteria change their shape |
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what is a curved rod bacterial cell? |
vibrios |
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what is a spiral bacterial cell? |
spirilla |
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what are the arrangement of bacteria? |
single, diplo, tetrad, strepto (chain), staphylo (bunch) |
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What is hyphae? |
branching filaments of cells |
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what is mycelia? |
tufts of hyphae |
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what are trichomes? |
smooth, unbranched chains of cells |
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What is a cyanobacteria? |
cells adhere to each other though a common cell wall, forming long multicellular filaments. |
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what are myxobacteria? |
example of multicellular bacteria that live in the soil and and feed on insoluble inorganic material. |
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difference between human and bacterial cell |
size and cell walls |
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what is the difference between archaea and bacteria |
ribosomal RNA, otherwise they look the same |
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flagella |
thread-like, used for movement |
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fimbriae |
thread-like, involved in sexually transmitted diseases |
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capsule |
involved in anthrax disorder |
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What is the function of DNA nucleoid in the cytoplasm in bacteria? |
made of DNA, RNA, protein. Genetic information storage and gene expression |
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What is the function of chromosome-packing proteins in the cytoplasm in bacteria? |
protein. protection and compaction of genomic DNA |
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What is the function of enzymes (involved in the synthesis of DNA, RNA) in the cytoplasm in bacteria? |
Protein. replication of genome, transcription |
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What is the function of regulatory factors in the cytoplasm in bacteria? |
protein, RNA. control of replication, transcription, and translation |
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What is the function of ribosomes in the cytoplasm in bacteria? |
RNA, protein. translation |
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What is the function of plasmid in the cytoplasm in bacteria? |
DNA. encode non-chromosomal genes for a variety of functions |
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What is the function of enzymes involved in breaking down substrates in the cytoplasm in bacteria? |
Proteins. energy production, providing anabolic precursors |
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What is the function of inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm in bacteria? |
polymers. storage of carbon, phosphate, nitrogen, sulfur |
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What is the function of gas vesicles in the cytoplasm in bacteria? |
protein. buoyancy, rod-shaped |
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What is the function of magnetosomes in the cytoplasm in bacteria? |
Protein, lipid, iron. orienting cell during movement/ |
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What is the function of cytoskeletal structures in the cytoplasm in bacteria? |
protein. guiding cell wall synthesis, cell division, partitioning of chromosomes during replication. maintain shape and keep internal structures in one area |
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how many chromosomes in the bacteria? |
ONE |
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What is in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell? |
nucleoid region (chromosome and DNA replication machinery), macromolcules, inclusion bodies |
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what is in polyhydroxybutyrate granules? |
carbon storage |
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what is the location of carbon fixation in the cytoplasm called? |
carboxysomes (not much is known about them) |
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What is a magnetosome? |
organelle associated with direction finding |
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What is a magnetotactic bacteria? |
they have 15-20 magnetite crystals that together act like a compass needle to orient the bacteria is geomagnetic fields; this simplifies their search for their preferred microaerophilic environments. |
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what are microaerophiles? |
they need oxygen because they are anaerobic, they grow just below the top surface, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen |
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What is FtsZ? |
bacterial cytoskeletal protein; ring inside the cell, involved in cell cycle process (helps it divide) |
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What is MreB? |
bacterial cytoskeletal protein; small circles that look like band or coiled structure which help maintain structure |
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What is ParM? |
protein in the cytoskeleton which helps in segregation |
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what is ParR? |
protein in the cytoskeleton which always remains in the plasmid (connects them) |
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what is a plasmid? |
small circular, ds-DNA that is different from cells chromosomal DNA. Present in all domains, pass genetic information through generations. Create resistant to drugs (give genetic advantage) |
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(T/F) without saturated fatty acid, people have brain defects. |
True |
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(T/F) Phospholipid bilayer is plasma membrane |
true |
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What are hopanoid? Where are they located? |
they help with stability across temperature ranges in the plasma membrane |
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What are bacteria? |
bags of enzymes |
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how do items cross the plasma membrane and get into a cell? |
small molecules diffuse across and aquaporin channels, and osmosis |
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What is the constant ionic concentration inside the cell? |
0.9% NaCl |
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what is facilitated diffusion? |
use a protein channel to move particles with a concentration gradient (no energy) |
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what is active transport? |
use energy to move particles against a concentration gradient |
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(T/F) plasma membrane is used to capture energy. |
true; contains the ETC and is used for respiration and photosynthesis and for flagella |
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(T/F) Plasma membrane cannot have sensory system. |
false; it can be used to detect env changes |
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what does secB do? |
prevents new protein from folding |
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Borrelia cause lyme disease and have what kind of shape? |
spiral shape |
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(T/F) MreB in the bacteria is homologous with tubulin cytoskeleton protein in eukaryotes. |
false |
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where are the plasmids located? |
cytoplasm |
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what is the cell wall composed of? what is its function? |
carbs and proteins, and it allows the bacteria to live in different environments (gives their shape and protects from osmotic lysis) |
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what are the carbs present in the cell wall? |
NAM & NAG |
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what is the linkage of NAG & NAM? |
peptidoglycan |
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what is a peptide linkage? |
bond between amino acids |
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what is a pentaglycine linkage? |
link between two chaines |
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how is the cell wall formed? |
built outside plasma membrane; NAM linked to UDP, NAM is linked to bactoprenol, NAG is added to NAM, bactoprenol flips NAM-NAG to periplasm, finally disaccharides adds to chain and bactoprenol flips back |
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what is bactoprenol? |
lipid that flips from cytoplasm to periplasm |
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what is a lysozyme? |
naturally breaks down cell wall (breaks linkage b/w NAG and NAM); it is abundant in secretions (human milk, mucus, saliva, tears) |
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what is lysostaphin? |
act on crossbridge of staphylococcus only, it is an antibacterial enzyme, naturally degrade cell wall |
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how long does it take for bacteria to replicate? |
20 mins |
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(T/F) ring shape is not required for penicillin. |
false; it is needed to break the ring |
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what does beta-lactam do? |
inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis; used by many antibiotics namely penicillin |
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(T/F) if the cell wall breaks the cell blows up |
true; hypertonic conditions |
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what does beta-lastamase do? |
it is produced by bacteria to resist the beta lactam |
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what is a gram-positive cell? |
holds on to the crystal violet color, thick outer layer of peptidoglycan, narrow periplasmic space, and negatively charged teichoic acid in the peptidoglycan |
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what is a gram-negative bacteria? |
cannot hold onto the color, thin layer of peptidoglycan, outer-membrane of LPS (extra layer) and lipid A is present |
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(T/F) LPS from gram-negative cells can be helpful. |
false; they are harmful as the lipid A portion induces a strong inflammatory response |
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how do nutrients get through gram-positive peptidoglycan layers? |
it has large pores throughout its matrix |
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how do nutrients get through gram-neg cell wall? |
has porin and TonB proteins in its outer membrane to transfer molecules into periplasmic space, then active transport |
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how does alcohol staining in gram-pos cell work? |
it is a rate-limiting step, the alcohol decolorization step shrinks the large pores helping to lock the stain in; but it strips away the outer membrane layer in gram-neg which does not allow the stain to stay |
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(T/F) only gram-negative cells have a periplasmic space. |
false; both gram pos and gram neg have periplasmic space |
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what is the structure and function of the flagella? |
it is a spiral, hollow, rigid filaments extending from the cell surface and it provides motility |
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what is the flagella composed of? |
filament of multiple flagellin proteins (5-10 micrometers long), hook protein that connects the filament to the basal body, basal body which produces the torque to help it turn |
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Where does the flagella's energy come from? |
plasma membrane |
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how does the flagella produce motility? |
energy from proton motive force, complex structures with 40 different proteins, and spinning one way produces a run but the other way produces a tumble |
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how does the flagella know which way to move? |
chemoreceptor proteins |
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(T/F) all cells have external flagella. |
false; some have them in the periplasmic space (spirochetes) |
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what is a pilus? |
fibers of pilin protein that stick on other proteins and they transfer DNA from one cell to another (conjugation) |
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what is a fimbria? |
adherence of cells |
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what are capsules? |
thick layer of polysaccharides, provide adhesion, defense against host immunity and desiccation, help form bioflims, they are good for bacteria |
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what are biofilms? |
dental plaque and mold on bathroom surfaces, and they provide protection and survivability in harsh environments, |
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(T/F) most microbes can be cultured/ |
false |
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what are species? |
groups of stains sharing common features; lowercase |
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what are genus'? |
group of closely related species; capitalize first letter |
