Bio 311D Test 2 Animals: Digestion & Nutrition

Front 1

1) food can be: sources of ___& sources of ____

Back 1

1) energy; nutrients for growth and metabolism

Front 2

1) sources of energy: ____
2) sources of nutrients for growth & metabolism: ___
3) both sources of energy and nutrients:___

Back 2

1) carbohydrates, fats, & proteins
2) proteins, vitamins, minerals, lipids
3) proteins and lipids

Front 3

1) breakdown food into molecules that can be absorbed by the body cells

Back 3

1) digestion

Front 4

Nutrition:
1) diet is deficient in calories (ex:___)
2) The long-term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients; not enough calories
3) The result of a diet that consistently supplies more chemical energy than the body required; still possible to be missing essential nutrients

Back 4

1) undernourished (kwashiorkor-big belly)
2) malnourished
3) overnourished

Front 5

1) homeostasis of fat (___and other genes)
2) lacking ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
3) how many essential amino acids are there?

Back 5

1) overnourished (leptin)
2) malnourished
3) 8 essential amino acids (now 9)

Front 6

1) what are the essential fatty acids?

Back 6

1) omega 3 and omega 6

Front 7

List the 8 essential amino acids

Back 7

1) tryptophan
2) methionine
3) valine
4) threonine
5) phenylalanine
6) leucine
7) isoleucine
8) lysine
9) histidine

Front 8

what is the 9th amino acid and what is it's importance?

Back 8

for young children, there is another one “histidine” (considered essential for young children or newborn baby)

Front 9

1) name one water soluble vitamin (name and function)
2) name one fat soluble vitamin (name and function)
3) name one mineral

Back 9

1) B6 (pyridoxine)-coenzyme used in amino acid metabolism
2) Vitamin K-important in blood clotting
3) Sulfur (S)-component of certain amino acids

Front 10

Digestive systems of different animal types:
1) ____-____
2) ___-____

Back 10

1) intracellular digestion-"paramecium"
2) simple sac- "hydra" (same phylum as jellyfish)

Front 11

Comparison: Flatworm
1) digestive cavity has___and is____
2) they are unable to ____
3) food ___
4) nutrient molecules come to cells by ___

Back 11

1) one opening; highly branched
2) feed, digest, and eliminate at the same time
3) cannot be processed continuously
4) diffusion

Front 12

Comparison: Earthworm
1) digestive cavity has ___
2) food ___
3) the __stores food
4) the ___grounds food
5) the ___nutrients
6) ___transports nutrients to all cells of the body

Back 12

1) 2 openings
2) moves in one direction
3) crop
4) gizzard
5) intestine digests and absorbs
6) circulatory system

Front 13

Comparison: Grasshopper
1) digestive cavity has___
2) food___
3) in the mouth, food is __by a pair of ___(tooth-like appendages) and ___can be digested (___).
4) the___stores food
5) the ____together are called the __
6) next, the __is the place of major digestion and absorption
7) nutrient molecules across the walls of the ___ and become _____ (___).
8) water is reabsorbed from the ___
9) have a ___digestive cavity

Back 13

1) 2 openings
2) moves in one direction
3) chewed; mandibles; starch; (salivary glands)
4) crop
5) mouth, esophagus, and crop; foregut
6) midgut
7) midgut; dissolved in the blood (circulatory system transport nutrients)
8) hindgut
9) 3 part

Front 14

Incomplete digestive system:
1) example
2) has and __and__

Back 14

1) flatworm
2) branching; sac-like gut cavity

Front 15

Complete digestive system:
1) example
2) has ___digestive tracts (___)

Back 15

1) earthworm and grasshopper
2) complete (alimentary canals)

Front 16

1) flatworm: ___system; nutrient transport by___; ___opening(s)
2) earthworm: ___system; nutrient transport by___;___ opening(s)
3) grasshopper: ___system; nutrient transport by___; ___opening(s)

Back 16

1) incomplete; diffusion; one
2) complete; circulatory system; 2
3) complete; circulatory system; 2

Front 17

Evolutionary adaptations:
1) carnivores- eat a big meal, then they relax; eat ___, which is ___to digest
2) herbivores-eat ___food; plant food usually ___to digest; eat all the time; need to have lots of __in their digestive tract to help them with digestion
3) omnivore-like __, eat ___
4) __have a larger small intestine AND stomach

Back 17

1) meat; easier
2) plant; difficult; bacteria
3) humans; meat and plants
4) herbivores

Front 18

What are the tasks involved in complete digestive systems?

Back 18

1) mechanical processing and motility
2) secretion of enzymes
3) digestion
4) absorption
5) elimination

Front 19

Tasks involved in complete digestive systems
1)
2)
3) __break down the food
4)
5) ___ waste products will be removed from the body

Back 19

1) mechanical processing and motility
2) secretion of enzymes
3) digestion; chemically
4) absorption
5) elimination; indigestible

Front 20

Human Digestive System:

Back 20

1) mouth
2) pharynx
3) esophagus
4) stomach
5) small intestine
6) large intestine
7) rectum
8) anus

Front 21

Human Digestive System: Accessory Organs

Back 21

1) Salivary glands
2) liver
3) gallbladder
4) pancreas

Front 22

Human Digestive System:
1) mouth- __&__; ___produce more than 1 liter of __a day and contain enzymes called___
2) pharynx- is a ___ (the__)
3) esophagus- ___; lined by ___(why if you stand upside down the food still moves down)
4) stomach
5) small intestine
6) large intestine
7) rectum- has ___; is the ___of your digestive tract
8) anus- where wastes ___

Back 22

1) breakdown & digestion; salivary glands; saliva; salivary amylase
2) passageway; throat
3) moves food to stomach; smooth muscle
7) control over elimination; last portion
8) leave your body

Front 23

The Stomach
1) how much food can be stored in the stomach?
2) the stomach function: ___&__
3) ___digestion ___--an enzyme
4) controls ____--___
5) ___fluid--___with a pH of ___ (___)- it ___&___
6) a nutrient ___ (___)

Back 23

1) 2 liters
2) mix food & storage
3) protein; pepsin
4) passage of food; mechanically breaks down large food particles
5) gastric; HCl (hydrochloric acid); 2; (strong acid); kills bacteria & destroys extracellular matrix that binds cells
6) broth (acid chyme)

Front 24

Structure of the Small Intestine
1) the small intestine is a ___region
2) it is __long
3) function: ___&___
4) the first 25 cm are known as the ___
5) the lining of the small intestine is densely __into ___ and ___ are further __into ___to ___for ___ (300m2)
6) absorption in the small intestine involves ___

Back 24

1) major digestive
2) 6 meters
3) digestion & absorption
4) duodenum
5) folded; villi; villi; folded; microvilli; increase the surface area; absorption
6) active transport across membrane

Front 25

Stomach Review
1) in the stomach we have an enzyme called___
2) your stomach responds to your body signal; if you are hungry, you ___
3) usually food will store in your stomach for about ___

Back 25

1) pepsin
2) release food faster
3) 5-6 hours

Front 26

Absorption in the Small Intestine
1) proteins are made of ___
2) they cross the ___, then enter into ___
3) fat digestion- use ___ (doesn't contain ___), which emulsifies fat globule and makes them into ___
4) fat enters __of small intestine
5) ___-send to your lymphatic system, then your lymphatic system will deliver your ___

Back 26

1) amino acids
2) cell membrane; your blood
3) bile; digestive enzyme; small droplets
4) epithelial tissue
5) chylomicrons; chylomicrons

Front 27

The Large Intestine (__)
1) the large intestine is ___long
2) functions/characteristics: ___

Back 27

Colon
1) 1.5 meters
2) reabsorption, prepare wastes for elimination, and symbionts

Front 28

The Large Intestine:
1) reabsorb __, __reabsorbed into ___
2) prepares wastes for elimination (___become___)
3) symbionts (rich ___of mainly __such as __)

Back 28

1) 90% water; minerals; blood
2) feces; more solid
3) flora; harmless bacteria; E.coli

Front 29

Accessory Organs:
1) bile originally secreted by the ___NOT the___
2) bile contains ___

Back 29

1) liver; gallbladder
2) no digestive enzymes

Front 30

Accessory Organs:
1) Pancreas- a source of ___-__-___; it is also a source of ___(___acts as a ___)
2) Liver- secrete __for___
3) Gallbladder- __,concentrate __from liver (bile contains ___but bile salts act as __and help the __)

Back 30

1) digestive enzymes-duct-small intestine; alkaline fluid (bicarbonate; buffer)
2) bile; fat absorption
3) store; bile; (no digestive enzymes; detergents; digestion of fat)

Front 31

Enzymes of the Digestive System:
1) mouth
2) stomach
3) liver
4) gallbladder
5) pancreas

Back 31

1) salivary glands-salivary amylase
2) pepsin
3) bile salt
4) bile salt storage
5) many digestive enzymes

Front 32

Hormones that regulate digestion
1) in stomach

Back 32

1) gastrin

Front 33

1) ___refers to the process by which the body takes in, digests, absorbs, and uses food
2) a true digestive system contains a tube that connects the ___to an ___and ___between them
3) ___and___in foods begins in the mouth and continues throughout certain structures

Back 33

1) nutrition
2) mouth; anus; regional specializations
3) mechanical; chemical processing

Front 34

1) __digestion starts at the mouth and __digestion starts in the stomach
2) In __, cells of the intestine actively transport __and most ___out of the ___
3) nutritionists advise a ___in ___
4) to maintain a particular body weight and overall health, ___must balance___

Back 34

1) starch; protein
2) absorption; glucose; amino acids; gut lumen
3) daily food intake; certain proportions
4) calorie intake; energy output

Front 35

1) liver produces ___, which act as a __to __the fat in food
2) the liver can __ (e.g. change __to__)
3) lipid (fat) digestion begins in human ___
4) bile ___and lipase___to fatty acid
5) lipid digestion is over in ___

Back 35

1) bile; surfactant; emulsify
2) detoxify toxic compound (ammonia to urea)
3) small intestine
4) emulsifies fat; digests fat droplets
5) small intestine

Front 36

1) polysaccharides digestion begins in ___
2) salivary gland (___;___) in mouth secretes ___to ___to ___.
3) Carbohydrate digestion is over in ___

Back 36

1) human oral cavity
2) (exocrine; epithelium tissue); salivary amylase; break down large polysaccharides; small polysaccharides
3) small intestine

Front 37

1) protein digestion begins in ___, which produces ___(pH= __) to digest proteins to small polypeptides
2) protein digestion is over in ___
3) a nutrient broth after stomach is called___

Back 37

1) human stomach; pepsin; 2
2) small intestine
3) acid chyme

Front 38

1) nucleic acid begins and is over in the ___
2) ___is the first 25cm region of the small intestine--most__is going on around here
3) the suitable pH is around __ for pancreas enzyme

Back 38

1) small intestine
2) duodenum; digestion
3) 7

Front 39

1) ___in duodenum stimulates duodenum to produce __(hormone)
2) secretin stimulates __to release___ (___) to ___in duodenum
3) after that, duodenum secretes ___to stimulate pancreas to release ___and gallbladder to release__into ___

Back 39

1) acid chyme; secretin
2) pancreas; bicarbonate (alkaline compound); neutralize acid chyme
3) CCK; pancreatic enzyme; bile; small intestine

Front 40

1) __but NOT__produces bile
2) food in stomach makes stomach produce ___
3) __stimulates stomach to secrete ____

Back 40

1) liver; gallbladder
2) gastrin (hormone)
3) gastrin; gastric juice

Front 41

1) Fatty acid cannot enter____directly
2) Fatty acid is ___
3) It needs to be coated by protein in epithelium tissue of small intestine to become ___(water soluble)
4) __enters lymphatic system and then goes to ___
5) on the contrary, __and__can enter circulatory system actively and directly

Back 41

1) circulatory system
2) water-insoluble
3) chylomicron
4) chylomicron; circulatory system
5) polysaccharide; amino acid

Front 42

Order of Nutrients:

Back 42

1) carbohydrates (starch)
2) protein
3) lipids (fats)