Bio 308 Test 3

Front 1

define: Epidemiology

Back 1

a branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population.

Front 2

Define: Incidence and Prevalence

Back 2

Incidence: The number of new cases contracted in a population during a specific period of time.

Prevalence: Total number of people infected in a population during any given time

Front 3

Define: Morbidity vs Mortality Rates

Back 3

Morbidity= # of ppl affected in relation to the total number of ppl in a population.

Mortality: Number of deaths during a specific period in relation to the total population.

Front 4

Define: Endemic Disease

Back 4

present continually but the number of cases and severity remain too low to constitute a problem (what does graph look like vs epidemic? Slide 7 CH15)

Front 5

Define: Epidemic and Pandemic
Also: 2 Examples of epidemics given

Back 5

Epidemic= High number of cases and severe disease.

Examples are diphtheria in USSR after its split (1989-1997) and St, Louis encephalitis.
Pandemic- An epidemic that spreads worldwide

Front 6

Sporadic Disease

Back 6

Occurs in a random and unpredictable manner, involving several isolated cases that pose no great threat to the population as a whole.

Front 7

Epidemiological Studies: Descriptive Studies

Back 7

Concerned about disease spread and records:
1) Number of cases
2) Segments of population affected
3) Locations and time period of cases.

Additionally age, gender, race, marital, and economic status are recorded.

Front 8

Common-Source Outbreaks and Propagated Epidemics

Back 8

Common Source- all cases occur within a short time after exposure and then stop

Propagated Epidemics- New cases are continually seen

(Graph for both of these looks like)

Front 9

John Snow

Back 9

Essentially began the field of epidemiology through his study of cholera originating from a water pump on a street in London.

Front 10

Analytic Studies of Epidemiology

Back 10

Focus on cause and effect relationship.

1) Retrospective- past data (ex: Smoking and cancer)
2) Prospective- As epidemic spreads (ex: hantavirus oubreak in 1993 in US)

Front 11

Experimental Studies

Back 11

designs experiments to test a hypothesis. Polio vaccine was done in this was (placebo and no placebo group)

Front 12

Reservoirs of Infection

Back 12

1) Human- Carriers (harbor disease w/o any symptoms)
2 types: Chronic and Intermittent

2) Animal-Monkeys are most major. They carry malaria yellow fever etc

3) Nonliving-Soil and water. Ex: C. tetani, C. Botulinum, Salmonella

Front 13

Zoonoses

Back 13

Diseases that can be transmitted (under nat. conditions) to humans from other vertebrates.

Front 14

Portals of Entry

Back 14

Ear, eye, nose, mouth, mammary glands, urethra, vagina, anus, placenta, broken skin, seminal vesicles.

Front 15

Modes of Transmission: Contact

Back 15

1) Direct- ex: syphilis, staph, warts, most STD's
2) Indirect- Tetanus, common cold, enterovirus
3) Droplets- Common cold, influenza, measles, Q fever, pneumonia, whooping cough

Front 16

Modes of Transmission: Vehicle

Back 16

1) Waterborne- Cholera, shigelliosis, Camphylobacter

2) Airborne- Chicken Pox, tuberculosis

3) Foodborne- botulinum toxin

Front 17

Modes of Transmission: Vector

Back 17

1) Mechanical- on insect bodies
ex: E-coli, diarrhea, salmonella
2) Biological: Plaque, malaria, yellow fever etc

Front 18

Herd Immunity

Back 18

As the number of individuals who are immune to a disease increases, the likelihood that they will come into contact with the disease drops

Front 19

CDC slide

Back 19

States that measles has decreased by 55% in 1997

Front 20

Nosocomial Infections (3 Types)

Back 20

Acquired in a hospital or other medical facility:
1) Exogenous Infections (environment)
2) Endogenous Infections (opportunists)

Front 21

Common caussative agents of nosocomial infections (4)

Back 21

1) Escherichia Coli
2) Staphylococcus Aureus
3) Streptococcus
4) Pseudomonas/ Klebsiella (Tied)

Front 22

Relative Frequencies of Sites of Nosocomial Infections

Back 22

1) Urinary Tract
2) Surgical Wounds
3) Respiratory Tract

Front 23

Bioterrorism Agents

Back 23

1) Anthrax(1-5d)
2) Botulism(1-5d)
3)Plague (2-3d)
4) Smallpox
5)Tularemia (7-17d)
6) Ebola Virus (14d)
7) Marburg- Hemorrhagic Fever (8d)