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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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“Antidepresents lined to heart risk: Twins study”
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“Because we didn’t see an association between depression itself and a thickening of the carotid artery. It strengthens the argument that it is more likely the antidepressents than the actual depression that could be behind the association.”
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“Biological Product Shows Promise Against Gum Disease”
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“In this new study, the researchers caused gum disease in rabbits by applying Porphyromonas gingivalis, the bacteria that causes gum disease in humans. Treatment with RvD1 was beneficial.”
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“Fat-burning chemical points to new weight-loss drug”
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“tyrosine protein kinase 5” turning this pathway on can reduce weight, only tested in mice. Bad candidate because Fyn kinase and AMPK effect the brain as well as fat and muscle"
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Immunology
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the study of specific immunity and how the immune system responds to specific infectious agents
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Immunity
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The immune system consists of various cells, especially lymphocytes and organs such as the thymus that help provide the host with specific immunity to infectious agents.
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Innate immunity
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all humans have immunity to many infectious agents that cause disease in pets and domestic animals
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Adaptive immunity
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immunity obtained in some manner other than by heredity
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Naturally acquired adaptive immunity
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is most often obtained through having a specific disease and is mediated by antigens (disease agent) and antibodies (proteins made by the body to specifically interact with that agent). Typically antibodies form 5 to 14 days following exposure to antigen. Depending on the antigen can last from months to a lifetime
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Artificially acquired adaptive immunity
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- produced in response to being vaccinated
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Passive immunity
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- is created when ready-made antibodies are introduced into the body. Typically lasts from days to weeks.
Naturally acquired passive immunity- mothers milk-colostrum Artificially acquired passive immunity- antibodies made by other hosts are introduced into a new host (anti-venom, gamma-globulin, tetanus-antibodies) |
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epitopes
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antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells
**a single protein may have may epitopes ex: H (flagellar) and O antigens from E. coli |
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Antigen
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substance the body recognizes as foreign and against which it mounts an immune response
#red - Most antigens are proteins greater than 10,000 MW |
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Epitopes
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large complex proteins can have several antigenic determinants (places where the polyclonal antibody binds).
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Haptene
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haptene can react with an antibody but by itself cannot illicit the production of an antibody (typically because it is too low molecular weight).
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Antibody
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a protein produced in response to an antigen that is capable of binding specifically to the antigen
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Lymphocytes that are processed and mature in tissue referred to as bursal-equivalent tissue become B lymphocytes or B cells. Functional B cells are found in all lymphoid tissues-lymph nodes, spleen tonsils adenoids, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue. B cells account for about one-fourth of the lymphocytes circulating in the blood. Other stem cells migrate to the thymus, where they undergo differentiation into thymus-derived cells called T lymphocytes or T cells. In adults when the thymus becomes less active differentiation of T cells is thought to occur in bone marrow or tissues under the influence of hormones from the thymus
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The bursa of Fabricius
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In chickens this is where B cells develops and is the origin of the term B-cell in mammals
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Tcell
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name comes from thymus
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Proportions of B and T lymphocytes in human lymphoid tissues
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Know that: 1, the spleen contains about equal amounts of B and T cells, Peyer’s patches in digestive tract important source of B cells and that most other tissues are weighted in T cells.
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Humoral immunity
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carried out by antibodies, produced by B cells, circulating in the serum
#red - most effective in defending the body against bacterial toxins, bacteria, and viruses before they enter cells. |
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Cell-mediated immunity
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#red - carried out by T cells. It is most effective in clearing the body of virus-infected cells, but also in defending against fungi and parasites, cancer and foreign tissues such as transplanted organs.
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Recognition and self versus non-self
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How the body recognizes an antigen
How the body distinguishes between a foreign antigen and the body's own antigens |
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Clonal selection hypothesis
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According to this theory, one of many B cells responds to a particular antigen and begins to divide, thereby producing a large population of identical B cells (a clone). All cells of such a clone produce the same antibody against the original epitope. B memory cells are also produced.
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Clonal Deletion
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during embryogenesis you destroy all the b cells that have receptors against your own tissues
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Applies to B cells and T cells;
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Humoral Immunity (antibody production)
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#red
, helper T cells facilitate growth and differentiation of plasma cells -which produce antibody (humoral immunity). After about a week this reaction reaches a peak and then subsides, largely because suppressor T cells inhibit further antibody production. |
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a) Variable Region
b) Constant Region |
a) Determines Ab specificity
b) Determines the particular class that an immunoglobulin belongs to |
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Shape of antibodies
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y-shaped protein composed of four polypeptide chains - two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains
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Additional Constant Region Attributes
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1. Complement binding site-complement binds to antigen-antibody complex at that site
2. Site of bonding to macrophages- how antibody facilitate opsonization, i.e., ab binds to the surface of the capsule of a bacterium which inturn can be taken up by a macrophage by binding to this site of the antibody 3. Ability to cross the placenta- Enables IgG to cross the placenta |
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IgG
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- activation of complement
- crosses placenta - binds to phagocytes - binds to lymphocytes - does NOT bind to mast cells and basophils 75% of antibodies |
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IgM
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- strongly activation of complement
- does NOT bind to phagocytes - does bind to lymphocytes - does NOT bind to mast cells and basophils - 5-10% of antibodies |
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IgA
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- by alternative pathway activation of complement
- does NOT bind to phagocytes - does bind to lymphocytes - does NOT bind to mast cells and basophils - 10% of antibodies |
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IgE
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causes allergies
- no activation of complement - does not cross the placenta - binds to lymphocytes - binds to mast cells and basophils (causes the allergy) |
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IgD
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- NO activation of complement
- does NOT bind to phagocytes - does NOT bind to lymphocytes - does NOT bind to mast cells and basophils |
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Category A agent
bioterrorism |
Anthrax (category A agent) 1-5d
Botulism (category A agent) 1-5d Plague (category A agent) 2-3d Smallpox (category A agent) 7-17d Tularemia (A agent) 2-10d Ebola virus-hemorrhagic fever (category A agent) 14d Marburg-hemorrhagic fever (category A agent) 8d |
