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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Variation is brought about by what two things?
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Natural and artificial selection
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Natural selection
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individuals best able to survive will pass genes to offspring
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artificial selection
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humans manipulate the genes to allow certain ones to reproduce (the ones we select may not be the ones nature would have selected)
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Both natural and artificial selection are dependent on ______ variations
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inherited
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What three aspects of plant reproduction contribute to plant domestication?
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1. Plant asexual reproduction
2. Plant ability to inbreed 3. Plants ability to produce individuals with multiple numbers of chromosomes |
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true or false:
Plants can self procreate fusion of gametes in a single plant without introducing outside material. |
true
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Outcrossing
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opposite of inbreed. Its better for variations. It is the introduction of foreign genetics.
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Haploid
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a cell with a single set of chromosomes
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Diploid
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a full set of chromosomes
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the backbone of agricultural industry
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inbreeding
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chromosomes
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complex molecules composed of DNA
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Gene
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a distinct portion of a chromosome
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when genes occur in diploid state you have the....
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interaction of different genes
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allele
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a different form of a gene
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dominant
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a gene suppresses the effects of another
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recessive
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a gene is present but cant be expressed
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codominant
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a situation where a gene is not fully dominant over another. Both genes are expressed
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Homozygous
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both genes/alleles are the same RR
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Heterozygous
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both genes/alleles aren't the same RW
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Phenotype
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physical expression of a gene
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genotype
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genetic makeup of a gene
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Natural selection causes good genes to be ______ and bad genes to be _____
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dominant and bad genes to be recessive
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hybrid vigor
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all good genes are expressed all bad genes are supressed
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All agriculture uses hybrid vigor to get good genes and have
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uniform varieties of crops
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The 3 ,methods of inbreeding:
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1. self fertilization
2. sib x sib crossing- genetically very similar 3. backcross |
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backcrossing
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taking parent plant and crossing it with an offspring
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sib x sib cross
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brother and sister from the same parent crossing
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outcrossing
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fusion of gametes from genetically different plants within the same species
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self compatable
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coffee- it could grow from one coffee bean
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earliest evidence of farming dates back how long
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8,000- 10,000 years
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fertile cresent
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birthplace of farming and agriculture:
Oldest- northern africa Youngest- New world |
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How were scientist able to determine when agriculture began?
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Pollen- its indestructible and every plant species has a unique pollen grain
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What is the most valuable thing/tool for archaeologist?
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pollen grains
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Who created the dump heap hypothesis?
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Edgar Anderson
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What is the dump heap hypothesis?
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a spot where people threw their trash began to grow plants from seeds. They began to throw their trash where they wanted plants to grow.
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Minimal agriculture
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The dump heap hypothesis where people threw their trash where they wanted plants to grow.
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Intensive agriculture
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cultivating/caring for plants; opposite of minimal agriculture
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All historical methods say agriculture was taught how?
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as a git from god
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Who thought that stress played a major role in farming?
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Carl Sauer
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What is sedentary?
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It doesn't move around a lot to find a home.
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A division of labor came about during what time?
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Sedentary times
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Competition for ___ and ____ created stress.
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Competition for food and storage of foo created stress.
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What climatic condition change occured 10,000 years ago?
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the ice age
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What did the climatic condition 10,000 years ago cause?
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Population pressure- more densely populated areas near open water.
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Who was the first person to study the origin of cultivated plants?
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DeCandolle in 1880s
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What 4 categories are used to determine the origin of cultivated plants?
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1. Geography- if it is only found in one place that is where it is from
2. Language- plant names can be matched to a language 3. Archaeology- ancient remains 4. written history- hieroglyphics on tombs |
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Which two plants could not determine their country of origin based on the 4 categories?
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Coconut and corn
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Who came up with that where you find wild relatives of a plant is a source of that plant?
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Vavaliov
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What is the estimate number of corn varieties of corn being cultivated in 1492 when Columbus landed in America?
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300 varieties
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More variety=
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more genetic diversity
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Name the 6 gene centers of the old world:
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1. Chinese gene centers
2. Indochina 3. central Asian center 4. near eastern center 5. Mediterranean center 6. Abyssinian center |
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Name the 2 gene centers of the new world:
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1. Mexican/ central American center
2. Central Andean center |
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Which gene center is the home of citrus, tea, hemp, and soybeans?
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Chinese gene centers
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Which gene center is the home of coconuts, bananas, rice, sugar cane, and black pepper?
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Indochina
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Which gene center is the home of apples, pears, peaches, and grapes?
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Central asian center
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Which gene center is home to wheat, rye, oats, alfalfa, and figs?
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Near eastern center
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Which gene center is home to the mustard family (cabbage, broccoli), olives, beets, and turnips?
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Mediterranean center
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Which gene center is home to melons, barley, coffee, and okra?
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Abyssinian center
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Which gene center is home to common beans, chocolate, corn, red pepper, and cotton?
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Mexican/central American center
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Which gene center is home to pumpkins, squash, tomatoes, potatoes, and tobacco?
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Central Andean
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what is photo period?
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the amount of sunlight an area receives
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Which climate zone has a pronounced seasonal change?
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Temperate
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