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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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gonads |
the testes/ovaries |
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gametes |
sex cells |
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primary sex characteristics male vs female |
- play a direct role in reproduction Male - gonads (testes) - scrotum - epididymis - vas deferens - penis - seminal vesicles - prostate gland - Cowper's gland Female - gonads (ovaries) - oviducts - uterus - cervix - vagina -vulva |
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secondary sex characteristics male vs female |
- distinguish male from female, but do not play a role in having a baby Male - facial hair - body hair - deeper voice, broad shoulders, narrower hips Female - minimal facial hair - minimal body hair - higher voice, rounded shoulders, wider hips |
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spermatogenesis |
the process to which sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules |
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follicle |
where an ovum develops each month |
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ovulation |
when a mature follicle cell ruptures and releases an ovum into the oviduct |
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zygote |
- a fertilized ovum |
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fertilization |
- occurs in the oviduct when an ovum comes in contact with a sperm cell - once it hits the uterus, it attaches itself to the endometrium lining and develops as an embryo - if fertilization does not occur, the egg continues to travel the uterus, and gradually breaks down - then endometrium lining disintegrates and is shed during menstruation |
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embryo |
- the first stage in a growing fetus |
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menstruation |
initial phase of the menstrual cycle where the endometrium lining shed when there is no fertilization occurring in the uterus. |
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development of sex hormones |
- x or y chromosomes carry code for certain proteins - proteins produce specific hormones - presence/ absence of such hormones determine which sex organs develop |
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TDF Gene |
trigger production of androgens |
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androgens |
male sex hormones; if present, male reproductive system is initiated |
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puberty |
reproductive system completely developed and fully functional - increases production of GnRH in hypothalamus - acts on pituitary to trigger release of LH and FSH |
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GnRH |
- produced in hypothalamus - increased production = puberty - acts on anterior pituitary, the then anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH |
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FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) |
- produced in anterior pituitary and targets ovaries/ testes MALES - causes testes to produce sperm FEMALES - stimulates development of egg - produces estrogen/ progesterone |
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LH (leutinizing hormone) |
- produced in the anterior pituitary and targets ovaries/testes MALES - causes testes to produce testosterone FEMALES - causes ovulation and maintains corpus luteum |
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Testosterone |
acts on various tissues to complete the development of organs/secondary sex characteristics |
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Inhibin |
hormone produced by Sertoli cells which secrete when sperm count is at optimal levels - acts on pituitary to inhibit production of FSH |
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steroid abuse |
causes disruption in negative feedback loop - side effects: characteristics of girls - if used before puberty, bones could stop growing |
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andropause |
man menopause - when the prostate gland starts enlarging, which can lead to risk of cancer |
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corpus luteum |
- developed from a follicle when an ovum is released |
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menopause |
the stop of a menstrual cycle due to decreased follicles, and decreased production in estrogen/progesterone |
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embryonic period |
- first 8 weeks of pregnancy - heart/brain formed, limb buds that serve as fingers/toes |
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haploid cell |
23 chromosomes (half) |
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diploid cell |
46 chromosomes (full) |
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Steps of fertilization |
1. egg released from ovary and swept into fallopian tube by fimbriae 2. egg carried to uterus by muscle contractions/cilia in fallopian tubes 3. sperm released through ejaculation must travel through the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes to meet egg 4. fertilization happens in fallopian tube within 24 hrs of ovulation 5. egg takes 4 days to reach uterus whether fertilized or not 6. if not fertilized, then it disintegrates and sheds the endometrium causing menstruation |
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zona pellucida |
plasma membrane of the egg |
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corona radiata |
jelly-like layers of follicle cells surrounding the zona pellucida |
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steps of conception |
1. sperm contacts ovum and enzymes in acrosome are released. This breaks down the corona radiata and zona pellucida respectively 2. plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse 3. egg's membrane depolarizes, which prevents other sperm from binding with and entering it 4. when chromosomes unite, the fertilized egg becomes a zygote 5. 3-5 days for zygote to get to uterus |
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cleavage |
when the fusion of sperm/egg divides without increasing in size |
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blastocyte |
the continued division of the morula which develops a fluid-filled center. |
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implantation |
blastocyte attaches to endometrium and trophoblast secretes hCG |
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trophoblast |
one of the layers of the blastocyte that becomes the placenta |
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inner cell mass |
one of the layers of the blastocyte that becomes the embryo |
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hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) |
- helps to prevent breakdown of corpus luteum - levels of estrogen/progesterone maintained, thus maintaining endometrium and preventing menstruation |
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gastrulation |
the changes the inner cell mass undergoes during implantation to form the primary germ layers - amniotic cavity forms and fills with fluid - amniotic cavity forms within the amnion, where the baby is developed - while amniotic cavity forms, inner cell mass transforms into the embryonic disk - 2 layers compose the embryonic disk: ectoderm and endoderm, then the mesoderm forms between these two |
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amniotic cavity |
space between inner cell mass and trophoblast - cavity fills with fluid, and is what people refer to when they say "my water broke" |
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amnion |
sac in amniotic cavity where baby develops |
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embryonic disk |
flat structure of inner cell mass - composed of primary germ layers |
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primary germ layers |
ectoderm (outer layer of embryonic disk) endoderm (inner layer of embryonic disk) mesoderm (mid layer of embryonic disk) |
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gastrula |
the name of a blastocyte after it undergoes gastrulation |
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morphogenesis |
embryonic cells begin to differentiate and form distinct structures |
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notochord |
forms basic framework of skeleton |
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Neurulation what happens in wks 3-8? |
formation of inner cell mass into baby 3rd wk: - mesoderm thickens into back of baby - ectoderm thickens and folds to become neural tube, which becomes brain and spinal cord - heart forms 4th wk: - mother misses first period - major organs form (lungs, kidneys) - heart starts to beat 5th wk: - large head, eyes form 6th wk: - gonads produce hormones 7th/8th wk: - marks end of embryonic stage, and beginning of fetal stage - baby has full skeletal form/ body organs all in order |
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extra-embryonic membranes |
protection, nutrition, respiration, and excretion of developing baby - composed of allantois, amnion, chorion, and yolk sac |
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amnion |
- develops from cells in embryonic disk - surrounds embryo - only penetrated by umbilical cord - fluid-filled for protection of embryo - allows for freedom of movement |
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yolk sac |
- small sac at bottom of abdomen - forms digestive tract (the gut of the infant) - produces first red blood cells and future gametes |
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Allantois |
- foundation of umbilical cord - degenerates by 2 mths, and the remainder becomes the urinary bladder |
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chorion |
- outermost membrane - encloses other extra-embryonic membranes, including the embryo - forms fetal portion of placenta |
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the placenta |
- where embryo is attached to the uterine wall - organ responsible for bringing nutrients and oxygen to baby by means of blood vessels - removes waste of baby through mother - 2 sections: embryonic and maternal |
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chorionic villi |
finger-like projections that extend from the chorion to the endometrium; where placenta is formed |
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the umbilical cord |
- forms as a product of the yolk sac shrinking, and the amniotic sac enlarging - leads from embryo's mid-abdomen to placenta - contains 2 arteries that carry O2 depleated blood from the baby to the placenta - 1 vein carries O2 rich blood back to the fetus |
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fetal stage |
- body grows in length, but head slows - cartilage based skeleton begins to harden - external reproductive organs formed |
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2nd trimester |
- heartbeat strong - kicking can be felt - baby continues to grow |
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3rd trimester |
- where maternal nutrition is most important - baby continues to develop |
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teratogen |
substance that can cause structural abnormalities of the embryo or fetus |
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teratogen: smoking |
- constricts fetal blood vessels - can cause low birth weight - can lead to miscarriage or premature birth |
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alcohol |
- can cause Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder - affects CNS - can cause mental and physical difficulties |
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parturition |
the process of birth; the events associated with it are called labour 3 stages: dilation, expulsion, placental stage |
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Positive feedback |
- baby's head pushes on cervix, stretching it out - stimulates release of oxytocin from posterior pituitary - oxytocin stimulates contractions, which increase pressure of baby's head on cervix -causes further stretching and stimulation of oxytocin |
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dilation |
- one of the stages of parturition - 2-24 hrs - contractions of the uterus cause the cervix to efface (thin out) and dilate - amniotic sac breaks "my water broke" |
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expulsion stage |
- contractions push baby out of vagina - aka pushing stage (.5-2hrs) - one of the stages of partuition |
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placental stage |
- one of the stages of parturition - when the placenta and umbilical cord is expelled from the uterus within 15 mins of birth |
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breech position |
- "feet-first baby" - baby is born feet first or buttocks first; risky form of conception - can be treated with a C-section delivery |
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Cesarean Section Delivery |
- preformed to preserve maternal or fetal health - prevents future complications - incision through abdomen and uterus of the mother - baby and placenta removed through incision |
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lactation |
formation/secretion of breast milk |
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prolactin |
hormone that controls milk production - suppressed during pregnancy by estrogen and progesterone - once placenta is delivered, anterior pituitary will produce prolactin and milk production would start within a few days |
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colostrum |
secreted by mammary glands in breasts days before milk produced - similar to milk with more nutritional value |
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oxytocin |
controls release of milk - causes the contraction of the mammary glands, forcing the milk into the ducts that carry it to the nipple |
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suckling |
an action which stimulates the nerve endings in the areola of the nipple, which carry the signal to the pituitary gland. - pituitary then secretes oxytocin - oxytocin causes contraction of mammary glands which pushes the production of milk through ducts |
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sterile |
term that descirbes a man or woman unable to have children |
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infertile |
term that describes men and women who have difficulty conceiving children |
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Artificial insemination |
- technique to increase fertility - sperm inserted into woman's uterus or fallopian tubes |
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superovulation |
- technique to increase fertility - hormone medication that increases the number of follicles developed each month - commonly results in fraternal twins or more |
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in vitro fertilization |
- technique to increase fertility - the process of removing immature eggs from the ovaries, combining them with sperm in a lab, then placed in the uterus - hormones are used to increase follicle maturation to collect many eggs at a time - common method for women with blocked fallopian tubes |
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surrogacy |
- technique for increased fertility - another woman having a baby for an infertile couple |
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abstinence |
- technique to decrease fertility - staying away from sex |
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vasectomy |
- technique to decrease fertility - type of surgical sterilization - vas deferens is cut and tied to prevent sperm from leaving the testes |
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tubal ligation |
- technique to decrease fertility - type of surgical sterilization - having fallopian tubes tied to prevent contact of sperm and egg |
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hormonal treatments |
- technique to decrease fertility - oral medication or needles work to mimick progesterone to inhibit the release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary, preventing ovulation - side effects include blood clots, stroke, and breast cancer, and offers no protection from STI's |
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physical barriers |
- technique to decrease fertility - condom or diaphragm - meant to prevent sperm from reaching egg - technique offers some protection from STI's |
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natural family planning |
- involves tracking the woman's menstrual cycle, temperature and cervical mucus in order to predict ovulation and avoid sexual contact during that period of time - only method of "birth control" approved by the Catholic Church |
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Catholic perspective on reproductive technology |
- life begins at moment of conception and all life is sacred - has issues with "unwanted" embryos - For example, IVF requires the retrieval and fertilization of many eggs, then the extras are frozen for the future |
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HIV/AIDS |
- AIDS is caused by a group o related viruses collectively called HIV - HIV attacks helper T-cells, which are responsible for the immune system - as a result of the attack on the immune system, the individual becomes more vulnerable to infections, which can lead to sickness or death - transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person, sharing drug needles, or a mother with the infection passing it on to their baby |
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Hepatitis |
- sexually transmitted disease Hep A - contracted usually by drinking contaminated water - transmitted orally or through anal contact - Treatment: vaccine Hep B - spread through sexual contact with infected body fluids or blood - Symptoms: initially flu-like, including jaundice, infection of the liver, liver failure, liver cancer, or death - Treatment: vaccine Hep C - transmitted through blood on blood contact with infected needles or syringes |
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Gential Herpes |
- sexually transmitted infection - herpes simplex 1 = cold sores - herpes simplex 2 = genital contraction - symptoms: itching and blistering - risk of transferring it to baby from pregnant mother |
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HPV |
- known for genital warts - transmitted via skin to skin contact - can lead to cervical cancer - many people do not realize they have the virus |
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Chlamydia |
- sexually transmitted infection - symptoms: pain while urinating, discharge of penis or vagina, or fever - sometimes people do not even know they have it - women run the risk of chlamydia leading to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - PID can block oviducts, causing infertility - babies who come in contact with chlamydia can contract eye infections or respiratory infections - Treatment: getting tested and antibiotics; can completely cure without permanent side effects |
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gonorrhea |
- sexually transmitted infection - can cause infection of urethra, cervix, rectum, and throat, pain while urinating, thick sick-looking discharge - left untreated can lead to PID - babies can contract serious eye infections from mothers with gonorrhea - treatment: antibiotics |
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syphilis |
- sexually transmitted infection - 3 stages: stage 1: ulcerated sores at infection site stage 2: rash on palms of hands or soles of feet stage 3: infection attacks cardiovascular system and nervous system - symptoms: mental illness, blindness, heart disease - bacteria can affect an embryo, causing birth defects or stillbirth - if not treated early, can cause permanent damage - treatment: antibiotics |
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sperm cell |
- contains a head, flagellum, and middle piece - before ejaculation: mitochondria process fat for energy - after ejaculation: mitochondria process sugar for energy - can live for 3-5 days in woman's body - mitochondria provide energy for movement - motile - acrosome contains enzymes to help it enter the egg |
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egg cell |
- can be seen with the naked eye - only lives for a day if not fertilized - fertilized = implantation in endometrium - has more mitochondria than an sperm cell - released on a monthly basis - not motile |
