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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the endocrine system do? |
Regulates all aspects of life |
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Endocrine system vs nervous system? |
Endocrine is more far-reaching, slower, and lasts longer |
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What gland controls the endocrine system? |
Pituitary gland (master gland) |
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What does the hypothalamus coordinate? |
Endocrine and nervous system |
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How does the endocrine system transport stuff? |
Circulatory system |
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Endocrine vs exocrine gland? |
Endocrine glands release stuff inside the body and exocrine glands release stuff outside the body. |
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How do exocrine glands release stuff? |
Tubular ducts |
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Two types of hormones? |
Steroids and proteins |
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Steroid examples? |
Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone |
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Protein hormone examples? |
ADH, insulin |
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How do hormones actually work their effects? |
Modifying enzyme activity or changing permeability of a membrane for a molecule |
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How is the targeting of hormones? |
Only hit target cells, due to their special receptor molecules |
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What is homeostasis and why is it important? |
Tendency to maintain constant internal environment. Keeps you alive |
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Types of feedback loops? |
Positive and negative |
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What is negative feedback? |
Once enough of change is done, system shuts down, maintaining homeostasis |
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What is positive feedback? |
Once change occurs, more and more change occurs exponentially, not stopping |
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Factors in maintaining homeostasis? |
BHORCH G B-blood pressure H-hormones O-CO2 & O2 R-Respiration C-Calcium level H-Heartbeat G-Glucose in blood |
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Examples of positive feedback? |
Oxytocin in lactating and delivery |
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What are tropic hormones? |
Hormones stimulating endocrine glands |
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What are non-tropic hormones? |
Hormones stimulating exocrine glands |
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What hormones does the hypothalamus create (doesn't secrete!) |
ADH and oxytocin |
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What does ADH target? |
Kidneys |
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What does ADH do? |
Water retention and increases blood pressure |
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What does oxytocin target? |
Mammary glands and uterus |
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What does oxytocin do? |
Make smooth muscles activate in labour and causes lactating |
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What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete? |
Growth hormone, TSH, prolactin, ACTH, gonadotropic hormones |
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What do gonadotropic hormones target? |
Testes, ovaries |
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What do gonadotropic hormones do? |
Make ova and sperm, as well as ovary and testes hormones |
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What does growth hormone target? |
Most cells |
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What does growth hormone do? |
Cell division, bone & muscle growth, metabolic function |
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What is gigantism? |
Too much GH before growth plates fuse makes you really tall and proportioned |
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What is acromegaly? |
Too much GH after growth plates fuse. Makes you wide |
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What is dwarfism? |
Too little GH before growth plates fuse, causing you to be small and proportional |
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What does TSH target? |
Thyroid gland |
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What does TSH do? |
Cause thyroid to release thyroxine |
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What does prolactin target? |
Mammary glands |
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What does prolactin do? |
Makes milk from mammary glands, uterine contractions in delivery |
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What does ACTH target? |
Adrenal glands |
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What does ACTH do? |
Cause adrenal gland to make aldosterone, cortisol, behavior hormones |
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What does the thyroid release? |
Thyroxine, calcitonin |
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What does thyroxine target? |
Everything in body |
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What does thyroxine do? |
Increase metabolic rate, regulate growth and development. |
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What is a goiter? |
Oversized thyroid |
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What causes goiters? |
Not enough iodine |
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What is hypothyroidism? |
Not enough thyroxine results in low metabolism |
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What causes hypothyroidism? |
Not enough iodine, TSH, or thyroxin (or it's not working) |
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What is hyperthyroidism? |
Too much thyroxin |
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What is graves disease? |
Hyperthyroidism |
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What does calcitonin target? |
Bones, kidneys |
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What does calcitonin do? |
Lowers blood calcium: inhibits calcium release from bone and inhibits kidney reabsorbing calcium from nephron |
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What does the pancreas secrete? |
Insulin and glucagon |
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What does insulin target? |
Blood |
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What does glucagon target? |
Blood |
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What does insulin do? |
Lower blood glucose, promotes glycogen production in liver |
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What is type 1 diabetes? |
Not enough insulin produced or insulin is defective. |
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What is type 2 diabetes? |
Comes from lack of exercise and bad diet. Body cannot use insulin |
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What is hyperinsulinism? |
Too much insulin, can cause insulin shock |
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What does glucagon target? |
Blood |
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What does glucagon do? |
Converts glycogen to glucose to raise blood sugar levels |
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What does hypo mean? |
Not enough |
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What does hyper mean? |
Too much |
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What is too much prolactin called? |
Hyperprolactinaemia |
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What is too little prolactin called? |
Hypoprolactinaemia |
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What hormones does the adrenal cortex release? |
Aldosterone, cortisol |
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What does aldosterone target? |
The kidneys |
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What does aldosterone do? |
Promote sodium and water reabsorption by kidneys, increases blood pressure by making blood thicker |
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What is cushings? |
Too much aldosterone or cortisol. More blood pressure, obesity, muscle atrophy |
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What is an edema? |
Swelling caused by high blood pressure |
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What does too much cortisol do? |
Obesity, muscle atrophy |
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What does too much aldosterone do? |
High blood pressure |
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What does cortisol target? |
Digestion places, blood, metabolism |
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What does cortisol do? |
Stimulate tissue to raise blood glucose, break down protein, break lipids to fatty acids |
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What does cortisol counter? |
Epinephrine |
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What is Addison's disease? |
Too little cortisol, poor recover, opposite of cushing |
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What does the adrenal medulla release? |
Epinephrine (adrenaline) |
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What nervous system is the adrenal medulla under? |
Sympathetic |
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What does epinephrine target? |
Everything the sympathetic nervous system targets (heart, lungs, intestine, blood vessels, etc) |
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What does epinephrine do? |
Fight or flight, raises blood glucose levels |
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What do the parathyroid glands release? |
PTH |
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What does PTH target? |
Bones, kidneys, intestine |
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What does PTH do? |
Increase blood calcium: stimulates bones to release calcium and kidney to reabsorb calcium |
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What is Tetany? |
Too little PTH |
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What releases hypothalamic hormones? |
Posterior pituitary gland |
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What secretes hormones made by the hypothalamus? |
Posterior pituitary gland |
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What is osteitis fibrosa cystica? |
Too much PTH causing weak bones |
