Bio 3 Test 3

Front 1

Neurons transmit________

Back 1

Electrical signals

Front 2

______ respond to neurons by_______

Back 2

Muscles

Contracting

Front 3

There are how many basic types of neurons?

Back 3

1. Nerve net- diffused arrangement of cells

2. Central nervous system-large number of neurons in clusters (ganglia)

Front 4

The nerve net is present in ___ & _____

while Central nervous system is present in _____&_______.

Back 4

N.N. Cnidarians & cteophores

CNS Protostomes & deuterostomes

Front 5

3 parts of a neuron

Back 5

1. dendrite

2. cell body

3. axon

Front 6

Dendrites

Back 6

receive signals

Front 7

cell body/ soma

Back 7

integrates incoming signals & generates outgoing signals

Front 8

Axon

Back 8

Sends signals

Front 9

Membrane potential

Back 9

when the +/- charges on either side of the membrane do not balance

Front 10

how is membrane potential measured?

Back 10

Millivolts

Front 11

membrane potential means the same as

Back 11

potential energy

Front 12

what would happen if the membrane was removed?

Back 12

ions would spontaneously move

Front 13

resting membrane potential of a neuron's inside charge is _____

while the outside is _______

mv?

high intracellular concentration of___

Low intralcellular concentration of ____&_____

Back 13

negative

positive

around 70 mv

k+

Na+ & Cl-

Front 14

ions can cross the plasma membrane in 3 ways.

They are_____,___ &_____.

Back 14

1. through ion channels along electrochemical gradient

2. carries via a membrane contransporter protien

3, pumped against an electrochemical gradient by a membrane protein that hydrolyzes ATP

Front 15

what would happen to the restingpotential if the K+ leak channels were blocked?

Back 15

Resting potential would decrease (less negative)

Front 16

3 phases of change in membrane potential

(action potential)

Back 16

1.depolarization phase

2. re-polarization phase

3. hyper polarization phase.

Front 17

all action potential for a given neuron are _____ i magnitude and _______ for frequency.

Back 17

identical

diff meaningful

Front 18

voltae gated channels

Back 18

ions that open/close(change shape in response to changes in membrane potential.

Front 19

at resting potential, voltage-gates Na+ channels are________.

Back 19

closed

Front 20

the larger the axon diameter the ______ signal is transmitted

Back 20

faster

Front 21

Myelin sheath

Back 21

Glia wrapped around axons

prevents charge( ions) from leaking back out across the membrane

Front 22

Unmyelinated sections of the axon are known as_________.

Back 22

Node of Ranvier

Front 23

Node of Ranvier are actually

Back 23

dense concentrations of voltage gated Na+ & k+ leak channels

Front 24

Which is faster, a myelinated axon or an unmyelinated?

Back 24

myelinated

Front 25

_______ sells keep Na+ from leaking

Back 25

Schwann

Front 26

Snyapse

Back 26

interface between two neurons.

Front 27

synaptic vesicles

Back 27

store neurotransmitters

Front 28

Neurotransmitters

Back 28

molecules that transmit info from one neuron to another or to a target cell (muscle glands)

Front 29

ESPS

Back 29

makes action potential more likely in postsynaptic cells

(depolarization Na+ inflow)

Front 30

IPSPs

Back 30

makes action potentials less likely in post synaptic cells

Front 31

Simultaneous EPSps and IPSPs

Back 31

cancel each other out

Front 32

Ability to sense a change in theenvironment depends on 3 processes:

Back 32

1. Transduction - conversion of externalstimulus to internal signal (AP).

2. Amplification of the signal.

3. Transmission of the signal to the CNS.

Front 33

types of stimulus

Back 33

Nociceptors –harmful stimuli

• Thermoreceptors – changes in temperature

• Mechanoreceptors – distortion caused by pressure

• Chemoreceptors – presence of specific molecules

• Photoreceptors – particular wavelengths of light

• Electroreceptors – electrical fields

Front 34

What is happening inthe depolarization phase?

Back 34

Influz of Na+

Front 35

in resting state, inside of plasmamembrane is more _________ than exterior.

Back 35

negative

Front 36

interior is depolarized when it becomes

Back 36

less negative

Front 37

Interior is hyperpolarized when it becomes

Back 37

more negative

Front 38

Sensory stimuli cause ions to.....

Back 38

flow across the membrane

Front 39

Change membrane potential results in...

Back 39

change in firing rate of APs sent to the brain

Front 40

The amount of depolarization/ hyperpolarization of sensory receptor is proportional to the ________________________

Back 40

Intensity of the the stimulus.

Front 41

2 Keys to how brain interprets sensory info

Back 41

1. Receptor cells are highly specific.

2. Each type of sensory neuron sends its signalto specific portion of brain.

Front 42

Hearing

Back 42

ability to sense sound

Front 43

frequency

Back 43

number of pressure waves in one second

Front 44

pitches

Back 44

differences in frequency

Front 45

Mechanoreceptor cell

Back 45

responds to pressure

direct physical pressure causes ion channels to open/ close.

Front 46

in vertebrates, ion channels that respond to pressure are found in

Back 46

hair cells

Front 47

stereocillia

Back 47

microvilli reinforced by actin filaments

Front 48

kinocilium

Back 48

true cilium (9+2 arrangement of microtubles)

Front 49

structures of the hair cells are arranged in order of______________ and extend into a _______________.

Back 49

Increasing height

fluid filled chamber

Front 50

Stereocilia bend in response to pressures

Back 50

-towards kinocilium-> k+ channels open & cell Depolarizes

-Away from Kinocilium -> K+ channels close & cell hyperpolarizes

Front 51

6 stages of opening ion channels

Back 51

1. pressure wave bends stereocilia

2. potassium channel opens

3. membrane depolarizes

4. calcium flows in

5. synaptic vesicles fuse

6. Neurotransmitter is released.

Front 52

3 parts of the ear

Back 52

1. outer ear

2. middle ear

3. inner ear

Front 53

outer ear

Back 53

funnels pressure waves into ear canal

causes tympanic membrane to vibrate

Front 54

middle ear

Back 54

contains 3 ossiclels

pass vibrations to oval window

Front 55

inner ear

Back 55

fluid-filled cochlea (3 chambers)

hair cells in middle chamber

Front 56

the middle ear _________ sound

does this by

Back 56

amplifies

transfers vibrations from large surface to much smaller surface increasing farce of vibration by factor of 15

3 ossicles act as levers. total amp factor of 22

mammalian middle ear(adaptation)

Front 57

The Cochlea

Back 57

Detects the frequency of sound

Front 58

THe cochlea has _________ fluid filled chamber

Back 58

3

Front 59

___ _____ form rows in middle chamber

Back 59

hair cells

Front 60

bottom of each hair cell connects to

Back 60

Basilar membrane

Front 61

stereocilia of hair cells touch ________ __________

Back 61

tectorial membrane

Front 62

basilar membrane varies in

Back 62

stiffness

Front 63

complex sounds contain wide variety of________

and trigger particular combinations of _______ ________.

Back 63

frequencies

Hair cells

Front 64

Humans can hear sounds between

Back 64

20 Hz and 20,000 HZ

Front 65

elephants use _______ to communicate

Back 65

Infrasounds

Front 66

Bats use ________ sounds to Echolocate

Back 66

ultrasonic

Front 67

who has image forming eyes

Back 67

vertebrates, cehalopods, & arthropods

Front 68

how many times did the compound eye evolve?

Back 68

once in anthropod ancestor

Front 69

Camera eye

Back 69

evolved independently in annelids, cephalopods, & vertebrates.

Front 70

structure of a camera eye

Back 70

Sclera- outermost layer (white tissue)

Cornea- Front of sclera; transparent connective tissue

iris- colored, round muscle; controls the amount of light coming in

pupil- hole in the center of iris

Front 71

Cornea & lens focus light coming into _____

Back 71

retina

Front 72

the retina has __________

Back 72

3 distinct layers

Front 73

Blind spot

Back 73

Vertebrate eyes contain this

photoreceptor free area where optic nerve leaves retina

Front 74

__________ have evolved more efficient camera eye with no blind spot

Back 74

Cephalopods

Front 75

Rods

Back 75

sensitive to dim light but not colors

Front 76

cones

Back 76

much less sensitive to faint light but stimulated by different wavelengths of light( colors)

Front 77

Rods dominate most of the ______

Back 77

retina

Front 78

The ______only has cones

Back 78

Fovea

Front 79

Does light open ion channels or trigger release of neurotransmitters?

Back 79

NO

Front 80

ds

Back 80

ssfs