Bio 3 Do Not Fail This One

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blending theory. . .

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hereditary material from each paretns mixes in each offspring
offspring's traits are intermediate between the two parents traits
once traits had blended they could not be separated out
individuals of a population would reach a uniform appearance after many generations

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hereditary material from each parents mixes in each offspring

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blending theory

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offspring's traits are typically intermediate between the two paprents traits

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blending theory

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once traits had blended they not longer can be separated out to appear again in later generations

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blending theory

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before Mendel the most favored explanation of hereditary was

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blending theory

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before who. . . , blending theory was the most favored explanation of heridtary

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Mendel

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when was the blending theory replaced? and with what theory?

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at the turn of the 20th century, particulate theory of inheritance

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Gregor Mendel

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1850s, Austrian monk, discovered the particulate theory of heredity

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in the 1850s who discovered the particulate theory of heridity?

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Gergor Mendel

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What does the particulate theory of herdity state?

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parents transmit to their offspring descrete inheritable facotrs (genes) that remain as deiscrete, separable factors from one generation to the next

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compare the blending theory to the particulate theory of inheritance

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blending theory says that offspring traits are typically intermediate between the two parent's traits but this is not true. In reality, they may appear like one or the other or may have a different pheotype not predicted by the parent's phenyotypes.
blending theory says once traits are blended they cannot be separated again to appear in later generations this is not true. Traits can skip generations
blending theory says that individuals of a population would reach a uniform appearance after many generations but this is false

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A segment of DNA that encodes for the specific amino acid sequence of a protein

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gene

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Gene

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a segement of DNA that encodes for the specific amino acid sequence of a protein

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a gene is located at a specific location on a chromosome

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gene locus

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gene locus

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a gene is located on a specific location on a chromosome

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several thousands of gene loci are found along the length of a single . . .

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eukarotyic chromosome

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on a single eukaryotic chromosome. .. .

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several thousands of gene loci are found along the length of it

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alleles

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are the contrasting forms of each type of gene

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the contrasting forms of each type of gene

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alleles

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who formed the law of dominance, law of parental equivalence, the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment?

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Mendel

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Mendel formed the four principles of heridity which are

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law of dominance, law of parental equivalence, law of segregation, law of independent assortment

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During a pea experiemnt Mendel formed what three principles of heridity?

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law of dominance, law of segregation and law of independent assortment

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When Mendel crossed a pure yellow seeded pea plant and pure green seeded pea plants the F one generation consisted of all yellow seeded pea plants this represents what?

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the law of dominance

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Give an example of the law of dominance

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pure tall plants crossed with pure short plants all F one generation were tall

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distinctive features such as the shape of a flower is called .. .

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characters

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the character of a flower would be it's (color/shape)

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shape

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different variants of a feature is called a

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trait

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the trait of a flower would be it's (color/shape)

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color

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pea plants has male sex organs called

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stamens

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pea plants have female sex organs called

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carpals

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sperm and ova are produced by the male and female pea plant. . which are enclosed inside where on a flower?

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gametophytes, petals

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true breeding

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normally always produce offspring with same traits as parents

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two alleles for each trait are packaged into separate gametes(P is one allelle, p is another) both of these are put into separate gametes. What does this describe?

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Law of segregation

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Explain why F1 generations have no blended traits

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Because the parents of the F1 generation were true-breeding plants

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what is the physical appearance of a plant?

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phenotype

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phenotype. .

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the physical appearance of something

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when both alleles, dominant and recessive, are in one individual that individual is called?

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heterozygous

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heterozygous

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when both dominant and recessive alleles are in one individual.

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An organism inherits how many alleles and how many from each parent?

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two, one

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Each gene locus is represented how many times in most diploid organisms?

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twice

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Gametes of true-breeding plants

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all carry the same alleles

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what predicts the 3:1 phenotypic ratio observed in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross

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Law of segregation

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what cross has only one characteristic that is being examined?

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monohybrid

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monohybrid cross. . .

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has only one characteristic that is being examined.

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Homozygous

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has two identical alleles for a trait

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has two identical alleles for a trait

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homozygous

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homozygous dominant

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Two dominant alleles

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homozygous recessive

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two recessive alleles

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All homozygotes are . . .

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true breeding and only produce alleles carrying that gene

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Gentoype:

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an organisms' genetic makeup

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1:2:1 is what ratio?

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genotypic

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To determine whether an organism exhibiting the dominant phenotype (P_) is homozygous dominant or heterozygous what is used?

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test cross

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what is the test cross and who designed it?

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Mendel, helps determine whether an organism exhibiting the dominant phenotype (P_) is homozygous dominant or heterozygous.
You cross an organism of unknown phenotype against a truebreeding homozygous recessive.

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sex of the parents is irrelevant with respect to the dominant or recessive trait exhibited in the offspring produced by the cross.

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Law of Parental Equivalence.

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sex of the parent does not influence the dominant or recessive trait that is inherited from that parent and either trait can be inherited from either parent

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Law of parental equivalence

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What is the Law of Parental Equivalence?

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the sex of the parent does not influence the dominant or recessive trait that is inherited and either dominant or recessive trait can be inherited from either parent.

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Each pair of alleles segregates into gametes independently

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law of independent assortment

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what cross is used to demonstrate the law of segregation?

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monohybrid cross

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what is a cross between two parental varieties that differed in each of the two different characters

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dihybrid cross

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what cross is used to demonstrate the law of independent assortment?

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dihybrid cross

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what is a dihybrid cross?

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a cross between twoo parents varieties that different in each of the two different characters

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two different true breeding plants for two different contrasting phenotypes, consisting of two different characters is what?

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dihybrid cross

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What was the null hypothesis of independent assortment?

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for F1, the two characters are transmitted from parents to offspring as a phackage, Y and R alleles and y and r alleles would stay together. If this were the case then F1 offspring would only have yellow-round seeds or green-wrinkled seeds. You would not see a mix of both. this hypothesis was not consistent with Medel's results

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what was the alternative hypothesis of independent assortment?

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two pairs of alleles segregate independently from each other. Each allele has no impact on another. When F1 produce gametes, there will be all possible allele combinations.

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What phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio do you get for independent assortment?

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pheno= 9:3:3:1
geno= 1RRYY: 2RRYy:1RRyy:2RrYY:4RrYy:2Rryy:1rrYY:2rrYY:1rryy

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what pheotypic and genotypic ratio do you get for a dihybrid cross?

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pheno= 9:3:3:1
geno= 1RRYY: 2RRYy:1RRyy:2RrYY:4RrYy:2Rryy:1rrYY:2rrYY:1rryy

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why does indpendent assorment work?

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because, genes are on different chromosome pairs and chromosomes sort out independently of all the other ones in meiosis.

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How can you determine the number of types of gametes that could be produced by one genotype?

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2 to the (n)th power. N = the number of heterozygous genes

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Was Mendel's work popular at first?

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no, it was ignored for about 30 years until about 1900 when three different geneticists independently came up with the same ideas.

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whose work was ignored for about 30 years and did not catch on until 1900s when 3 different geneticists independently came up with the same ideas?

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Mendel

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Who published the Origin of the Species?

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Darwin

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Darwin published what book?

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Origin of the species

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scietists tied whos work to who? what solution was found?

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tied Mendel's work with Darwin and the solution to Darwin's weakest link in his theory of evolution was found.

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what is the neodarwinian theory?

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a fusion of Mendel and Darwin

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Law of independent assortment holds only if one or both of the following conditions are met. . .

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1. genes are on separate chromosoes
2. genes are widely separated on the same chromosome

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When genes are on separate chromsomes then it is possible for what law to be true?

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law of independent assortment

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when genes are weidely separated on the same chromosome then what law is true. . .?

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law of independent assortment

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neither allele is completely dominant and the F1 generation have a phenotype somewhere between the two phenotypes of the parents
Therefore the F1 generation show a distinct phenotype no seen in the parents homozygotes.

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incomplete dominance

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Incomplete dominance

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where the parents have alleles that are not completely dominant, this makes the F1 generation have a completely new and different phenotype somewhere between the parent phenotypes

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incomplete dominance in heterozygotes . . .

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show three different phenotypes: both of the parents phenotypes and double the heterozygote which makes a 1:2:1 ratio for both genotypic and phenotypic

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when genotypic and phenotypic share the same ratio 1:2:1, the alleles show

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incomplete dominance

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what does the pink color come from when a red flower is mixed with a white flower?

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incomplete dominance, heterozygote produces only half as much pigment as the homozygous dominant plant (red) does so this gives the plant the more red tint to it.

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codominance

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two alleles both affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

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two alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

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codominance

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what is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?

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codominance is not an intermediate between parent phenotypes (incomplete dominance) instead, it's an expression of BOTH phenotypes.

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complete dominance

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the dominant allele is completely and fully expressed in the phenotype

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the dominant allele is completely and fully expressed in the phenotype

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complete dominance

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blood type has how many different alleles, phenotypes and genotypes?

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3 different alleles (ABO)
6 different genotypes(AA, AO, BB, BO, OO, AB
4 different phenotypes (A, B, O, AB)

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which of the alleles in blood type are codominant?

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A and B and they're dominant over O.

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antigens

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foreign proteins

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foreign protiens

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antigens

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what do antigens do?

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cuase the immune system to respond by producing antibodies

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antibodies

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globular porteins that bind to and destory or inactivate antigens

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globular proteins that bind to and destroy or inactivate antigens

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antibodies

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what causes the immune syste to respond by producing antibodies?

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antigens

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Explain the different blood types in terms of transfusion

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Type O can be transfused into all individuals
A person who is type AB is a universal receiver
A person who is type O can only receive type O, same goes for A and B

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A single human can only carry two of the three types of blood alleles y?

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because humans are diploid and have two complete sets of chromosomes thus only two gene loci for a given gene

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most genes are . . .

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pleiotrophic

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pleiotrophic

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affect more than one phenotypic character

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affect more than one phenotypic character

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pleiotrophic

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epistasis

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a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

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a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of the gene at another locus

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epistasis

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the phenotype depends on what?

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the enviornment, on genes and ont he previous gene-enviornment interactions