Bio 3 Ch 3-4

Front 1

molecules that contain both C and H

Back 1

organic molecules

Front 2

molecules with either a C or a H

Back 2

inorganic molecules

Front 3

group of atoms that give molecules specific characteristics or allows it to react in a particular way

Back 3

functional group

Front 4

to remove water

Back 4

dehydrate

Front 5

when larger molecules are formed from smaller subunits

Back 5

anabolic reaction

Front 6

breaks down large complex molecules into smaller subunits

Back 6

catabolic reaction

Front 7

reaction that stores energy

Back 7

endergonic reaction

Front 8

reaction that releases energy

Back 8

exergonic reaction

Front 9

anobolic and endergonic reaction

Back 9

dehydration

Front 10

catabolic and exergonic reaction

Back 10

hydrolysis

Front 11

organic molecules containing elements C, H, and O in a characteristic ratio

Back 11

carbohydrates

Front 12

4 molecules included in carbohydrates

Back 12

glucose, fructose, starch, and sucrose

Front 13

means sugar

Back 13

saccharide

Front 14

one sugar; simple sugars and have an exact 1:2:1 ratio

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monosaccharide

Front 15

two sugars; bonded together. wont have a 1:2:1 ratio

Back 15

disaccharide

Front 16

many sugars chained together

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polysaccharide

Front 17

organic molecule that is insoluble in water

Back 17

lipids

Front 18

4 examples of lipids

Back 18

waxes, fats/oils, steroids, phospholipids

Front 19

have 2 hydrogen bonds on each C

Back 19

saturated fat

Front 20

have at least one double bond

Back 20

unsaturated fat

Front 21

carries the lipids our body needs safely through our blood stream

Back 21

emulsifying agents

Front 22

building block of nucleic acids; composed of 3 subunits: a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

Back 22

nucleotide

Front 23

organic compounds that contain C, H, O, and N

Back 23

Proteins

Front 24

variable side group is aka...

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R group

Front 25

covalent bond b/w 2 amino acids

Back 25

peptide bond

Front 26

speed up chemical reactions

Back 26

enzymes

Front 27

provide structural support

Back 27

fibrous

Front 28

genetic molecule involved in protein synthesis

Back 28

RNA

Front 29

genetic material for all life on earth

Back 29

DNA

Front 30

precursor of many steroid hormones and a component of all membranes

Back 30

cholesterol

Front 31

component of cell membranes and can act as an emulsifying agent

Back 31

phospholipids

Front 32

energy storage (lipid)

Back 32

triglyceride

Front 33

structural support in plants

Back 33

cellulose

Front 34

long term energy storage in animals

Back 34

glycogen

Front 35

long term energy storage in plants

Back 35

starch

Front 36

energy storage and building blocks for more complex molecules

Back 36

glucose

Front 37

all living organisms are comprised of one or more cells and all cells come from preexisting cells

Back 37

cell theory

Front 38

outer boundary of the cell

Back 38

plasma membrane

Front 39

components of the plasma membrane

Back 39

cholesterol, phospholipid bilayer, and proteins

Front 40

restricts movement throughout plasma membrane

Back 40

cholesterol

Front 41

maintains plasma membrane fluidity

Back 41

cholesterol

Front 42

various roles of protein

Back 42

structural support, recognition, transportation, communication

Front 43

5 major components for eukaryotic cell

Back 43

plasma membrane, ribosomes, organelles, cytoplasm, and nucleus

Front 44

the only organelle that is not membrane-bound

Back 44

ribosomes

Front 45

a piece of this membrane can budd off to become a transport vesicle

Back 45

RER

Front 46

lipid synthesis and toxin destruction

Back 46

SER

Front 47

recycling of worn out cellular components

Back 47

lysosomes

Front 48

power house of cell; converts food energy into cellular energy

Back 48

mitochondria

Front 49

plant cell that converts sun energy into carbohydrates

Back 49

chloroplast

Front 50

protein filament components for structure and movement

Back 50

cytoskeleton

Front 51

membrane bound sacs

Back 51

lysosomes and peroxisomes

Front 52

digest foreign material entering cell

Back 52

lysosomes

Front 53

digests amino and fatty acids

Back 53

peroxisomes

Front 54

breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Back 54

peroxisomes

Front 55

oxidizes food to release energy

Back 55

mitochondria

Front 56

non-living protective covering external to the plasma membrane

Back 56

cell wall

Front 57

limits water uptake and flexibility

Back 57

cell wall

Front 58

site of photosynthesis

Back 58

chloroplast

Front 59

comprises 90% of plant cell, stores nutrients, dgrades waste products, and balances cell pH

Back 59

central vacuole

Front 60

NET movement of molecules down their concentration gradient

Back 60

diffusion

Front 61

water moves across a membrane down its concentration gradient

Back 61

osmosis

Front 62

2 solutions with identical solute and solvent concentration

Back 62

isotonic

Front 63

solution with more solute

Back 63

hypertonic

Front 64

solution with less solute

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hypotonic

Front 65

movement directly through the bilayer, facilitated by membrane proteins, and use no energy

Back 65

passive transport

Front 66

movement facilitated by membrane proteins and requires energy

Back 66

active transport

Front 67

movement down concentration gradient, O2, CO2 and steroid hormones

Back 67

simple diffusion

Front 68

protein channels, movement down concentration gradient, sugars, amino acids, various ions

Back 68

facilitated diffusion

Front 69

energy usage, protein pump/channel, movement against concentration gradient, and cotransport

Back 69

active transport

Front 70

movement of materials out of a cell by fussing a vesicle with the plasma membrane

Back 70

exocytosis

Front 71

movement of large materials into cell

Back 71

endocytosis

Front 72

bringing even larger materials into cells (eating)

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phagocytosis

Front 73

energy cannot be created or destroyed

Back 73

first law of thermodynamics

Front 74

sugar, nitrogenous base, and three phosphate

Back 74

ATP

Front 75

sum of all chemical reactions within a cell or larger organism

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metabolism

Front 76

inputting energy for a chemical reaction to occur

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activation energy

Front 77

20 kinds of amino acids are found in nature with a covalent bond

Back 77

primary level

Front 78

beta pleated sheet and alpha helix with hydrogen bonds

Back 78

secondary level

Front 79

protein with tangled shape

Back 79

tertiary level

Front 80

2 or more polypeptide chains in a tangled shape

Back 80

quaternary level

Front 81

genetic library and instruction set

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nucleus

Front 82

protein production factories made out of RNA and proteins

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ribosomes

Front 83

protein modification and initial sorting

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RER

Front 84

for movement of packages of proteins inside cell

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transport vesicles

Front 85

final modification, packing and shipping of protein

Back 85

golgi complex

Front 86

accessory derived from vitamins that help enzyme

Back 86

coenzyme

Front 87

accessory derived from minerals that help enzymes

Back 87

cofactors

Front 88

product that cancels out/inhibits primary enzyme

Back 88

feedback inhibition

Front 89

5 molecules essential to animal cells

Back 89

water, oxygen, carbs, fats, proteins

Front 90

protein building blocks

Back 90

amino acids

Front 91

forms continuous fluid barrier for a cell

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phospholipid

Front 92

transports molecules via membrane and are important in cell regeneration

Back 92

protein

Front 93

associated w/ proteins or lipids, acts as a marker for cell to cell recognition

Back 93

carbs

Front 94

fills in spaces & strengthens the membrane while maintaining the fluid nature

Back 94

cholesterol

Front 95

small structures w/in cell w/ a specific function

Back 95

organelle

Front 96

fluid matrix within the cell membrane

Back 96

cytoplasm

Front 97

network of protein fibers that support the cell

Back 97

cytoskeleton

Front 98

accomplish movement for the cell

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cilia and flagella

Front 99

not surrounded by membrane in bacteria

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nucleoid

Front 100

allows bacteria to stick to surfaces and transfer cytoplasm and DNA b/w individual cells

Back 100

pili

Front 101

substance dissolved in a solvent

Back 101

solute

Front 102

liquid in which the solute is dissolved

Back 102

solvent

Front 103

combination of solvent and solute

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solution

Front 104

random movement of particles from high to low concentration

Back 104

diffusion

Front 105

diffusion of water via semipermeable membranes

Back 105

osmosis

Front 106

group of similar cells organized into a structural and functional unit

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tissue

Front 107

covers all exposed body surfaces, including skin and lining of the digestive tract

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epithelial tissues

Front 108

attached to bones for movement, inside the digestive tract to move food, pumps blood in the veins

Back 108

muscle tissue

Front 109

sensory and motor neurons are found throughout the body, neurons are also connected in the brain and spinal cord

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nervous tissue

Front 110

binds and supports tissue within a matrix, includes blood, tendons, and ligaments

Back 110

connective tissue

Front 111

delivering nutrients to the bloodstream

Back 111

digestive system

Front 112

pumping blood around the body

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circulatory system

Front 113

delivering oxygen to the bloodstream

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respiratory system

Front 114

fluid balance and waste removal from the blood

Back 114

excretory system

Front 115

regulating internal chemical levels

Back 115

endocrine system

Front 116

producing reproductive cells and growth of the embryo

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reproductive system

Front 117

region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated inside a prokaryotic cell

Back 117

nucleoid

Front 118

all organisms consist of one or more cells; the cell is the smallest unit of life; each new cell arises from another cell; and a cell passes heredity material to its offspring

Back 118

cell theory

Front 119

a relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, but the surface area increases with the square

Back 119

surface-to-volume ratio

Front 120

membrane protein that helps cells stick together in tissue

Back 120

adhesion protein

Front 121

a cell membrane that can be considered a two-dimensional fluid of mixed composition

Back 121

fluid mosaic model

Front 122

plasma membrane protein that binds to a particular substance outside the cell

Back 122

receptor protein

Front 123

plasma membrane protein that tags a cell as belonging to its own body

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recognition protein

Front 124

protein that passively or actively assists specific ions or molecules across a membrane

Back 124

transport protein

Front 125

community of different types of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime

Back 125

biofilm

Front 126

a double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus

Back 126

nuclear envelope

Front 127

series of interacting organelles b/w nucleus and plasma membrane; produce lipids, proteins

Back 127

endomembrane system

Front 128

cytoskeletal element that locks cells and tissues together

Back 128

intermediate filament

Front 129

reinforcing cytoskeletal element; fiber of actin subunits

Back 129

microfilament

Front 130

cytoskeletal element involved in movement; hollow filament of tubulin subunits

Back 130

microtubule

Front 131

type of energy-using protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move the cell's parts or the whole cell

Back 131

motor protein

Front 132

extendable lobe of membrane- enclosed cytoplasm

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pseudopod

Front 133

cell junction that anchors cells to each other or to extracellular matrix

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adhering junction

Front 134

structure that connects a cell to another cell or to extracellular matrix

Back 134

cell junction

Front 135

complex mixture of substances secreted by cells; supports cells and tissues; roles in cell signaling

Back 135

extracellular matrix

Front 136

cell junction that forms a channel across the plasma membrane of adjoining animal cells

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gap junction

Front 137

arrays of fibrous proteins; join epithelial cells and collectively prevent fluids from leaking between them

Back 137

tight junction

Front 138

energy tends to disperse

Back 138

second law of thermodynamics

Front 139

phosphate-group transfer

Back 139

phosphorylation

Front 140

a molecule remain at the end of a reaction

Back 140

product

Front 141

molecule that enters a reaction

Back 141

reactant

Front 142

process of chemical change

Back 142

reaction

Front 143

pocket in an enzyme where substrates bind a reaction occurs

Back 143

active site

Front 144

describes a region of an enzyme other than the active site that can bind regulatory molecules

Back 144

allosteric

Front 145

series of enzyme mediated reactions by which cells bud off, remodel, or break down an organic molecule

Back 145

metabolic pathway

Front 146

reactant molecule that is specifically acted upon by an enzyme

Back 146

substrate

Front 147

the number of molecules or ions per unit volume of a fluid

Back 147

concentration

Front 148

membrane property that allows some substances, but not others, to cross

Back 148

selective permeability

Front 149

array of enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequence, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in usable increments

Back 149

electron transfer chain

Front 150

amount of turgor that prevents osmosis into cytoplasm or other hypertonic fluid

Back 150

osmotic pressure

Front 151

pressure that a fluid exerts against a wall, membrane, or some other structure that contains it

Back 151

turgor