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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pathogen
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-disease- causing organisms
-vary in their ease of transmission (direct contact, indirect, vector-borne transmission, ingestion) -digestive enzymes kill most ingested pathogens |
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contagious
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when a pathogen can be spread from one organism to another
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infectious
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when a pathogen has its growth supported by tissue in the body
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parasites
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organisms that obtain nutrients and shelter required for their own growth from different organisms
ex: tapeworm viruses function only as parasites |
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bacteria
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single-celled organisms that come in 3 shapes
rod spherical spiral |
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prokaryotes
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lack nuclei and membrane-bounded organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum or golgi apparatus
are smaller than eukaryotes and evolved over a billion years before them. |
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nucleoid region
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prokaryote DNA is double-stranded and coiled up in this.
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plasmids
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circles of double stranded DNA
some carry antibiotice-ris... |
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cell wall
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most bacteria are surrounded by this that provide rigidity
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capsule
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surrounds the cell wall of many bacteria. It attaches the bacteria to cell that it infects
it helps bacteria escape destruction by the immune system |
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flagella
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bacteria have many flagella for locomotion and pili
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binary fission
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bacteria reproduce this
it is a clone of itself, it replicates everything inside of it and splits it in 2 called daughter cells |
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salmonella
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causes food poisoning, grows rapidly because the food provides all the resources it needs
refrigeration slows the rate at which bacteria divide |
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toxins
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symptoms of a disease come from toxins secreted by bacteria
bacteria cause a wide variety of diseases |
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normal bacterial flora
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covering the skin, mouth respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts
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latent viruses
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dormant for a time in the body
-herpes simplex virus, which causes outbreak on the mouth and genitals, undergoes long dormant periods during which the person is asymptotic |
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prion
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-a normal brain cell protein that doesn't fold properly, and thus causes spongiform encephalopathy
-helical shape -prions withstand such a harsh chemical environment -are unique b/c our immune system us unable to fight them off |
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vector
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microorganisms can be transmitted through an intermediate organism
ticks serve as a vector to transmit the bacterium that causes Lyme disease |
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nonspecific defenses
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they don't distinguish among pathogens
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phagocytes
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white blood cells that engulf and digest invaders
swollen pathogens and kill them |
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neutrophils
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pathogens white blood cells that respond to
kill pathogens |
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macrophages
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type of phagocytic white blood cell, move throughout the lymph cleaning up dead and damaged cells
live in the lymphatic system |
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pseudopodia
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grab and then engulf an invader.
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esoinophils
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white blood cells that work as a team to secrete digestive enzmes to destroy large invaders such as worms
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natural killer cells
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kills cells naturally
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inflammatory response
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also part of the 2nd line of defense
reaction produces redness, warmth, etc |
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mast cells
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damaged cells cause connective cells
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basophils
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are white blood cells, also secrete histamine
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pus
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dead cells and microorganisms left after the inflammatory response
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complement proteins
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include some 20 proteins that help other defense mechanisms
they coat microbe surfaces to ease the role of macrophages, poke holes in membrace of microbes, and increase the inflammatory response |
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fever
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another nonspecific denfense
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