Bio 28

Front 1

microfossils indicate that the first cells were probably _____

Back 1

prokaryotic

Front 2

microfossils seem to resemble present day _______

Back 2

prokaryotes

Front 3

why do microfossils seem to resemeble prokaryotes

Back 3

single-celled, lack external appendages, and have little evidence of internal structure

Front 4

indirect evidence for ancient life can be found in the form of sedimantary deposits called

Back 4

stromalites

Front 5

what is the incorporation of inorganic carbon into organic form

Back 5

carbon fixation

Front 6

what is the most common pathway for carbon fixation

Back 6

the calvin cycle

Front 7

its estimated that between __ and ___ of all prokarotic species are known and characterized

Back 7

1, 10%

Front 8

prokaryotes are divided into what two groups

Back 8

archaea and bacteria (archaebacteria and eubacteria)

Front 9

what are the oldest, structurally simplest, and most abundant forms of life

Back 9

archaea and bacteria

Front 10

what altered the earth's atmosphere by producing oxygen which stimulated extreme bacterial and eukaryotic diversity

Back 10

cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria)

Front 11

many archaea are _____

Back 11

extremeophils

Front 12

prokaryotes are fundamentally ____-celled

Back 12

single

Front 13

most bacteria appear to be capable of forming a complex community of different species called a

Back 13

biofilm

Front 14

biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics, dessication, and other environmental stressors than is a sinmple colony of a single microbe

Back 14

just read

Front 15

generally prokaryotes are very ____ however they do vary in size

Back 15

small

Front 16

eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bounded ____ containing ______ ______ made up of both nucleic acids and histone proteins

Back 16

nucleus, linear chromosomes

Front 17

prokaroyes dont have ____-_____ ______

Back 17

membrane-bounded nuclei

Front 18

prokarotes normally have a single circular ____ made up of ___ and _____ proteins in a nucleoid region of the cell

Back 18

chromosome, histonelike

Front 19

what prokaryote has two circular chromosomes

Back 19

vibrio cholerae

Front 20

cell division of eukaryotes takes place by ____

Back 20

mitosis

Front 21

cell division in prokaryotes takes place mainly by what

Back 21

binary fission (form of asexual reproduction)

Front 22

true sexual reproduction only happens with

Back 22

eukaryotes

Front 23

what mechanisms lead to the transfer of genetic material and generation of genetic diversity in prokaryotes

Back 23

horizontal gene transfer (not a form of reproduction)

Front 24

in eukarotes the enzymes for celluar respiraton are packaged in what

Back 24

mitochondria

Front 25

where are enzymes for cellular respiration found in prokaryotes

Back 25

bound to the cell membranes or in the cytosol

Front 26

how do the cytoplasm of prokaryotes differ from that of eukaryotes

Back 26

they contain no internal compartments and no membrane -bounded organelles

Front 27

what are found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Back 27

ribosomes (differ in structure)

Front 28

what of prokaryotes are simple in structure and composed of a single fiber of the protein flagellin

Back 28

flagella

Front 29

eukaryotic flagella and cilia are _____

Back 29

complex (9+2 microtubules)

Front 30

how do bacterial flagella funtion

Back 30

rigid and spin like propellers

Front 31

eukaryotic flagella have what type of motion

Back 31

whiplike

Front 32

what two patterns of phtosynthesis to photosynthetic bacteria use

Back 32

1. oxygenic-producing oxygen
2. anoxygenic-nonoxygen producing

Front 33

anoxygenic photosynthesis involves the formation of products such as...

Back 33

sulfur and sulfate instead of oxygen

Front 34

what does it mean when prokarotic cells use the energy stored in chemical bonds of inorganic molecules to synthesize carbohydrates

Back 34

chemolithotrophic

Front 35

in what key areas do bacteria and archaea differ?

Back 35

plasma membranes, cell walls, DNA replication, and gene expression

Front 36

how do archaeas cell membrane differ

Back 36

they have esther linkages rather than ester, and may form a monolayer

Front 37

the cell walls of bacteria are constructed mainly of

Back 37

peptidoglycan (carbohydrate polymers linked together by peptide cross-bridges)

Front 38

what do cell walls of archaea lack and sometimes have

Back 38

peptidoglycan, pseudomurein (essentially the same different carbs and structure of cross bridge)

Front 39

archaeal dna replication is more similar to

Back 39

eukaryotes

Front 40

archaea may have more than one ____ ________ used for gene expression

Back 40

RNA polymerase (which closely resemble that of eukaryotic RNA)

Front 41

what are the 3 basic forms of prokaryotes

Back 41

rods, cocci (sperical), spirals(long-helical shaped)

Front 42

what type of bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan wall and stain a purple color

Back 42

gram-positive

Front 43

what are characteristics of gram-negative bacteria

Back 43

less peptidoglycan and no purple dye

Front 44

what is an additional protein or glycoprotein layer that forms a rigid paracrystalline surface

Back 44

S-layer

Front 45

what are some functions of s-layer

Back 45

adhesion to surfaces and protection

Front 46

what is an additional gelatinous later that surrounds the other wall layers of some bacteria

Back 46

the capsule

Front 47

what are the functions of the capsule

Back 47

adhersion to surfaces and other cells, evade an immune response by interfering with recognition by phagocytic cells (helps cause disease_

Front 48

what are pili

Back 48

hairlike structures that occur on the cells of some gram-negative prokaryotes

Front 49

what are endospores and when do they form

Back 49

a thick wall around their genome and a small portion of the cytoplasm when they are exposed to environmental stress

Front 50

the interior of prokaryotic cells is

Back 50

organized

Front 51

what are three internal structures of prokayotes

Back 51

internal membranes, nucleoid region, ribosomes

Front 52

what are plasmids

Back 52

small independently replicating circles of DNA

Front 53

plasmids can be transferred from one cell to another via

Back 53

conjugation

Front 54

prokaryotic DNA exchange is ____, from donor cell to recipient cell

Back 54

horizontal

Front 55

what are the 3 ways that DNA can be exchanged in prokaroytes and viruses

Back 55

1. conjugation-via plasmids (F)
2. transduction -via viruses
3. transformation- through the the direct uptake of DNA from the environment

Front 56

what are the four basic ways that prokaryotes acquire carbon and energy

Back 56

1. photoautotrophs
2. chemolithoautotrophs
3. photoheterotrophs
4. chemoheterotrophs

Front 57

where do autotrophs obtain energy from

Back 57

inorganic CO2

Front 58

where do heterotrophs obtain there energy from

Back 58

carbon from organic molecules like glucose

Front 59

how do photoautotrophs work

Back 59

obtain energy by different methods of photosynthesis

Front 60

how do chemolithoautotrophs work

Back 60

oxidize inorganic substances (nitrifiers and nitrification)

Front 61

what do photoheterotrophs do

Back 61

use light as source of energy but obtain carbon from organic molecules suchas carbs or alcohols

Front 62

explain how chemoheterotrophs work

Back 62

*the majority of prokaryotes
obtain both carbon atoms and energy from organic molecules (decomposers and most pathogens)
*humans and all eukaryotes are these

Front 63

what are ways that prokaryotes cycle important elements in our atmosphere

Back 63

decomposition, carbon fixation and nitrogen fixation

Front 64

what does symbiosis refer to

Back 64

the ecological relationship between different species that live in direct contact with each other

Front 65

whats mutualism and an example of it

Back 65

a form of symbiosis in which both partied benefit, nitrogen-fixing bacteria with plant roots

Front 66

what is commensalism

Back 66

a form of symbiosis in which one organism receives benefits with the animal or plant is neither benefited nor harmed

Front 67

what is parasitism

Back 67

form of symbiosis in which one member benefits and the other is harmed (e.g. infection)