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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gibbs Free Energy
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Determines whether reaction is favorable (spontaneous, G<0) or unfavorable (non spontaneous, G>0)
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Exergonic Reaction
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Reaction with negative G
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Endergonic Reaction
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Reaction with positive G
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Keq
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relative concentrations of reagents when equilibrium is reached ( NOT rate), if large more products present at equilibrium
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Ea, activation energy
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Energy required to produce intermediate transition state
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Catalyst
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Lowers Ea w/out changing G by stabilizing transition state, not consumed in the reaction, regenerated
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Reaction coupling
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Favorable reactons drive unfavorable reactions due to the fact that free energy changes are additive.
ex. ATP hydrolysis |
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Covalent modification
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Inactie form is turned to active form , ex - phosphorylation by kinases
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Allosteric Regulation
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When an enzyme binds at a site other then active site
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Competetive inhibition
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Molecule that resembles substrate binds to an active site and prevents substrate from further binding,stops reaction, can be reversed by adding more substrate
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Non competetive inhibition
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Enzyme binds to the site other then active site and changes shape of the enzyme amd active site is no longer active and substrate cant bind, non reversible.
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Glycolysis
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breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules (3C), occurs in the cytoplasm, doesnt require oxygen
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Krebs Cycle
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Breaks pyruvate down into CO2, occurs i mitochondria, requires oxygen
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Electron Transport System
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Transfers e's that were removed from Krebs intermediates, occurs in mitochondria uses oxygen
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Glycolysis Yield
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2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvates
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Fermentation
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Breakdown of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions (absense of pyruvate). Pyruvate can be converted into lactic acid or ethanol/CO2, uses NADH produced in glycolysis.
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Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
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Pyruvate is decarbozylized(CO2 ) removed, acetate formed, NAD is reduced to NADH, acetyl attached to coenzyme A
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Krebs Cycle
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Acetyl Co-A enters, broken down to CO2, NADH and FADH2 are formed thorugh oxidation-reduction reactions
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krebs Cycle Yield
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6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP per glucose
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 coupled to phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
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E-n Transport Chain
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Energy released from oxidation of NADH and FADH2 used to pump H+ outo the mitochondrial matrix. Each member of the chain reduces member down the line.
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ATP yield per glucose
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Eukaryotes - 36
prokaryotes - 38 |
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Nucleic Acid
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Large polymer composed of nucleotides, contain carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
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Nucleotide
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A sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group and nitrogenous base, formed from nucleoside - sugar + base
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Pyrimidines
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Single ring , cytosine, thymine, uracil
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Purines
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Double ring - adenine + guanine
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DNA
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hereditary material,right handed double helix, 2 antiparallel strands
A=T, G=C. Held together by hydrogen bonding |
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DNA Replication
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Semiconservative (one new strand , one old strand), template is read 3"-5", polymerization - 5"-3", requires template, requires primer
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leading strand
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Follows directly behind helicase and replicates in one long strand
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Lagging strand
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Replicates in short segments - Okazaki fragments in opposite direction from helicase
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Exons
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contain actual genetic information coding for proteins, not spliced
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Frameshift mutation
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Change in DNA resulting in misreading of all codons downstream
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Missense mutation
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Results in coding of different amino acid
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Nonsense mutaiton
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Early termination by stop codon
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