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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metabolic Processes Guided by Eight Elementary Statements
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1-Every cell acquires nutrients
2-Metabolism requires Energy from catabolism of nutrients (or from light) 3-Energy is stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 4-Cells catabolize nutrients to form precursor metabolites 5-Precursor metabolites, energy from ATP, and Enzymes are used in anabolic reactions 6-Enzymes plus ATP form Macromolecules 7-Cells grow by assembling macromolecules 8-Cells reproduce once they have increased (usually doubled) in size |
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What are the four biological macromolecules?
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-Nucleic acids DNA/RNA
-Proteins -Carbohydrates -Lipids |
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Define Metabolism
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-Collection of all controlled biochemical reactions that take place within cells (microbe or larger)
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What is the ultimate function of metabolism?
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-to reproduce an organism
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What are the two classes of chemical reactions
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-anabolism-requires energy
-catabolism-releases energy |
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Purpose of catabolic pathways
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-to breakdown larger molecules into smaller products
-exergonic (release energy) |
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purpose of anabolic pthways
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-Synthesize large molecules from the smaller products of catabolism
-Endergonic (require more energy than they release) |
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Which is the higher energy state, reagent or profuct?
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-Reagent!
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What involves the insertion of water to form simpler products
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-catabolic reactions (hydration)
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What involves the removal of water to form more complex products
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-anabolic reactions (dehydration)
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organisms release energy from
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-nutrients
-can be concentrated and stored in high-energy phosphate bonds (atp) |
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What is Phosphorylation
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- when organic phosphate is added to substrate
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Cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP in three ways
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1-Substrate-level phosphorylation
2-Oxidative phosphorylation 3-Photophosphorylation |
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What does the acronym OIL RIG mean
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-Oxidation involves loss (eletron)
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List three important electron carriers
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-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) -Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) → FADH2 |
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What is a common suffix for enzymes?
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-Ase
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What are the six categories of enzymes? (based on action)
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-Hydrolases
-Isomerases -Ligases or polymerases -Lyases -Oxidoreductases -Transferases |
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Binding of apoenzyme and its cofactor(s) yields
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-holoenzyme
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What are some of the factors that influence the rate of enzyme reactoins?
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-Temperature
-pH -Enzyme and substrate concentrations -Presence of inhibitors |
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What are Inhibitors?
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-Substances that block an enzyme’s active site
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Glucose catabolized by two processes
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-Cellular respiration
-Fermentation |
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What is the most common carbohydrate catabolized
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-glucose
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Define Glycolysis
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-First step in catabolism of glucose via respiration and fermentation
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