Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What is Microbiology?
|
-Study of life too small to be seen unaided by eye
|
-using techniques of microbiology
-isolate microorganisms -study their characteristics |
|
|
What is the visibility threshold of the human eye?
|
-30-40 microns
|
|
|
|
Who is Antoni van Leeuwenhoek?
|
-Dutch tailor who began making and using simple microscopes
|
-Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology
|
|
|
Leeuwenhoek's microorganisms
|
1. Fungi
2. Protozoa 3. Algae 4. Bacteria 5. Archaea 6. Small multicellular animals |
|
|
|
Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
|
-Swedish botanist who developed taxonomic system for naming plants and animals
|
|
|
|
How can all living organisms be classified?
|
-Eukaryotic
-Prokaryotic |
|
|
|
What is a Eukaryote?
|
-Organism that has a defined nucleus
|
|
|
|
What is a Prokaryote?
|
-Organism that does not have a defined nucleus
|
|
|
|
Fungi are composed of what two subgroups?
|
-Molds
-Yeasts |
|
|
|
Describe Fungi
|
- Relatively large microscopic eukaryotes
-Obtain food from other organisms |
|
|
|
Describe Protozoa
|
-Single-celled eukaryotes
-Similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure. |
|
|
|
How do protozoa move?
|
-Pseudopodia
-Cilia -Flagella |
|
|
|
Describe Algae
|
-Unicellular or multicellular
-Plant like eukaryotes that are photosynthetic -categorized on the basis of pigment, storage product, and composition of cell wall |
|
|
|
What are the two sub-groups of Algae?
|
-Spirogyra
-Diatomes |
|
|
|
Describe Bacteria and Archaea
|
-Unicellular prokaryotes
-Live in a variety of communities and most habitats |
|
|
|
What are the two kinds of Bacteria?
|
-Bacteria
-Archaea |
|
|
|
Describe Bacteria
|
-Having cell walls that contain peptidoglycan; some lack cell walls.
-Most are beneficial, but some cause disease |
|
|
|
Describe Archaea
|
-Having cell walls composed of polymers other than peptidoglycan
|
|
|
|
Fungi, Protozoa, Algae are?
|
-Eukaryotes
|
|
|
|
Bacteria and Archaea are?
|
-Prokaryotes
|
|
|
|
What was Francisco Redi's Experiment?
|
-Meat in a jar
|
|
|
|
What was John Needham's experiment?
|
-Worked with gravy and plant infusions in sealed vials to see if microscopical animals would spontaneously generate
-Cloudy to clear and back to cloudy |
|
|
|
Spallanzani concluded that
|
-Needham failed to heat vials sufficiently
-microorganisms exist in air -Spontaneous generation does not occur |
|
|
|
Who is Lewis Pasteur?
|
-"Father of Microbiology"
-Swan neck flask experiment -Father of scientific method |
|
|
|
Who is Eduard Buchner?
|
-Demonstrated the presence of enzymes
|
|
|
|
What are Enzymes?
|
-Cell-produced proteins that promote chemical reactions such as fermentation.
-Proved that fermentation does not require living cells. |
|
|
|
What is Metabolism?
|
-The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
|
|
|
|
Pasteur developed what theory?
|
-Germ theory of disease
|
|
|
|
Define "Germ Theory of Disease"
|
-Microorganisms are responsible for diseases
|
|
|
|
Define Pathogen.
|
-Microorganisms that cause specific diseases.
-Germ theory only applies to infectious diseases |
|
|
|
Who is Robert Koch?
|
-Studied Etiology
-Searched and discovered bacterium responsible for Anthrax -Developed techniques to isolate and examine colonies for microorganisms |
|
|
|
Koch's Contributions
|
-Simple straining techniques for bacterial cells and flagella
-First photo of bacteria/in diseased tissue -Techniques for estimating # of bacteria in a solution based on the number of colonies -use of steam to sterilize growth media -use of Petri dishes -techniques to transfer bacteria between media -elucidation of bacteria as distinct species |
|
|
|
Define Koch's Postulates
|
1. Suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts
2. Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host 3 .Agent must be isolated and grown outside the host 4. Same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host |
|
|
|
Ignaz Semmelweis
|
-Hand washing to prevent nosocomial infections
|
|
|
|
Who was Joseph Lister?
|
-Antiseptic technique
-Sprayed wounds, surgical incisions, and dressings with carbolic acid which reduced deaths by two-thirds |
|
|
|
Who was Florence Nightingale?
|
-Nursing
-Introduced antiseptic techniques during the Crimean War |
|
|
|
Who was John Snow?
|
-Mapped the occurrence of cholera cases leading to foundation of two branches of microbiology: INFECTION CONTROL and EPIDEMIOLOGY
|
|
|
|
What was Edward Jenner’s vaccine?
|
-Pus from cowpox lesions prevented smallpox.
-Pasteur later developed vaccines for fowl cholera, anthrax, and rabies |
|
|
|
What were Paul Ehrlich’s “magic bullets”?
|
-Discovered chemicals effective against sleeping sickness and syphilis
|
|
|
|
Leeuwenhoek founded what modern disciplines?
|
-Bacteriology
-Protozoology -Mycology -Parasitology -Phycology |
|
|
|
Linnaeus founded what modern discipline?
|
-Taxonomy
|
|
|
|
Semmelweiss and Snow founded what modern discipline?
|
-Infection Control
-Epidemiology |
|
|
|
Pasteur founded what modern discipline?
|
-industrial microbiology
-Food and beverage technology (Pasteurization) |
|
|
|
Buchner founded what modern discipline?
|
-Microbial metabolism
-Genetics -Genetic engineering |
|
|
|
Koch founded what modern discipline?
|
-Etiology (Koch's Postulates)
|
|
|
|
What is Etiology?
|
-is the study of causation, or origination
|
|
|
|
Ivanowski founded what modern discipline?
|
-Virology
|
|
|
|
Beijerinck and Winogradsky founded what modern disciplines?
|
-Environmental microbiology
-Ecological microbiology |
|
|
|
Gram founded what modern discipline?
|
-Microbial morphology
|
|
|
|
Lister and Nightingale founded what modern discipline?
|
-Antiseptic medical techniques
-Hospital microbiology |
|
|
|
Jenner founded what modern discipline?
|
-Serology
-Immunology |
|
|
|
Ehrlich founded what modern discipline?
|
-Chemotherapy
|
|
|
|
Fleming founded what modern discipline?
|
-Pharmaceutical microbiology
|
|
|
|
Define Biochemistry?
|
-Study of Metabolism
|
|
|
|
Kluyver and van Niel proposed what?
|
-that biochemical reactions are shared by all living things, are few in number, and involve the transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions.
|
|
|
|
Practical applications of Biochemistry
|
-Design of herbicides and pesticides
-Diagnosis of illnesses and monitoring of patients’ responses to treatment -Treatment of metabolic diseases Drug design |
|
|
|
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty determined what?
|
-Genes are contained in molecules of DNA (1940’s)
|
|
|
|
Define Microbial Genetics
|
-study of inheritance in microorganisms
|
|
|
|
Beadle and Tatum established what?
|
-that a gene’s activity is related to protein function
|
|
|
|
Molecular Biology
|
-Combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics
-Explanation of cell function at the molecular level |
|
|
|
Pauling proposed what?
|
-that gene sequences could:
1) Provide understanding of evolutionary relationships and processes 2) Establish taxonomic categories to reflect these relationships 3) Identify existence of microbes that have never been cultured |
|
|
|
Woese determined what?
|
-cells belong to bacteria, archaea, or eukaryotes
|
|
|
|
Recombinant DNA Technology (Genetic Engineering)
|
-Genes in microbes, plants, and animals manipulated for practical applications
|
|
|
|
Define Gene Therapy
|
-Use of recombinant DNA (DNA composed of genes from more than one organism) to insert a missing gene or repair a defective one in human cells
|
|
|
|
Define Environmental microbiology
|
-studies the role microorganisms play in their natural environment
|
|
|
|
Define Biodegradation
|
-Microbial communities play an essential role in the decay of dead organisms and recycling of chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur
|
|
|
|
Define Bioremediation
|
-uses living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments
|
|
|
|
Von Behring and Kitasato discovered what?
|
-the existence in the blood of chemicals and cells that fight infection
|
|
|
|
Define Immunology
|
-The study of the body’s defense against specific pathogens
|
|
|
|
Fleming discovered what major drug?
|
-Penicillin
|
|
|
|
Domagk Discovered what group of drugs?
|
-sulfa drugs
|
|
