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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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rod
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bacillus
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sphere
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coccus
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spiral
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spirillum
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chemical cycling
all forms of symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) Bad for humans |
ecological roles of prokaryotes
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decomposers that break down corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products
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chemoheterotroph
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add usable nitrogen to environment
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nitrogen fixers
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creates oxygen
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cyanobacteria
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protection and shape
prevent lysing have peptidoglycan |
cell walls of prokaryotes
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network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides
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peptidoglycan
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lacks cell wall peptidoglycan
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archaea
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purple
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color of gram positive
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pink
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color of gram negative
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thick peptidoglycan around the cell membrane
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structure of gram positive cell
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less peptidoglycan with another membrane made of lipopolysaccharides
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structure of gram negative cell
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crystal violet
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what makes the gram positive cells purple?
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safranin
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what makes the gram negative cells pink?
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capsule
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sticky polysaccharide/protein layer covering the cell wall which allows it to stick to things and eachother
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fimbriae
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attachment pili similar to cilia which sticks to substrate or others in a colony
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sex pili
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longer than the fimbiae, pull two cells together and exchange DNA
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flagella
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how do prokaryotes move?
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taxis
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movements towards or away from a stimulus
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towards stimulus
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how do positive cells move?
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away from stimulus
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how do negative cells move?
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circular and smaller
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DNA of prokaryote
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nucleoid
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region with DNA
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plasmids
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small rings with DNA that carry a few genes and replicate
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binary fission
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type of reproduction used by bacteria
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binary fission
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Asexual reproduction in which 1 cell splits into 2 (bacteria)
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nutrient supply, metabolic waste, competition, and predators
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limiting factors of bacterial reproduction
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endospore
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inactive, resistant cell which can be used to save a vital nutrient
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rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination
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3 reasons for high genetic biodiversity
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transformation
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cell picks up and integrates foreign DNA from surroundings
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transduction
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movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriaphages
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phages
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viruses that infect bacteria
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vector
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something that transforms material
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conjugation
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one way of transferring DNA between bacterial cells (bacterial sex)
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sex pili
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connects and pulls cells together
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Fertility (F) factor
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pieces of DNA needed for sex pili; F+ have it and F- dont
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R plasmids
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carry genes for different antibiotic resistance- are resistant to antibiotics
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autotrophs
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use inorganic carbon as carbon source
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heterotrophs
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use organic nutrients as carbon source
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phototrophs
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get energy from sun
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chemotrophs
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get energy from chemicals
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Photoautotroph
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cyanobacteria, plants, and algae
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chemoautotroph
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hydrothermal veent prokaryotes (archaeans)
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chemoheterotroph
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fungi and humans
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aerobic respiration
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makes ATP with oxygen
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anaerobic respiration
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without oxygen
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extremophiles
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like extreme environments
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halophiles
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high salt
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thermophiles
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extreme heat
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methanogens
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(anaerobic) produce methane --> GH gas
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pathogen
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parasite that causes disease
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exotoxin
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secreated; causes disease without the bacteria present
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endotoxin
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released when bacteria die
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