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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define tissue.
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A collection of specialized cells & cell products that perform a specific function
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List the four principal types of tissues and their main functions.
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- Epithelium
o Line surfaces o Forms glands o Protection from mechanical, chemical and biological factors o Transport across surface through secretion o Absorption o Filtration o Diffusion - Connective Tissue : Give structural support to other tissues and organs - Muscle : produce movement in body and substances - Neural o Conduct nervous <electrical> impulses to other neurons, muscles or glands to regulate their functions |
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What does covering and lining epithelium cover and line?
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Internal cavities and passageways and covers external body surfaces
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Where is glandular epithelium found? Why do glandular epithelium cells have many Golgi bodies?
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It is found in cells that produce endocrines or exocrine secretions. They have many golgi bodies to package secretions (such as hormones).
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Explain the general functions of epithelia. Explain how particular epithelia structures facilitate particular functions.
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- The general functions are providing physical protection, control permeability, providing sensation and producing specialized secretions. Each cell is specialized for each of the different functions. The cell is often divided into 2 functional regions, the apical surface and the basolateral surface.
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Describe and give the importance of different types of cellular connections/ adhesions. Give examples of where each type of connection is found.
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Desomosomes
– cell to cell - Link to cytoskeleton - Durable so cells shed in sheets Hemidesomosomes – cell to basement membrane Tight junction - Prevent movement between cells… even water. Gap junctions – passage cell to cell - Channels of proteins - Ion passage - Muscle: cardiac, smooth - Epithelium: ciliated |
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What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelia? Describe and be able to draw these cell types: squamous, cuboidal, columnar and transitional.
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- Simple = 1 layer
- Stratified = multiple layers |
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What is the function of glandular epithelia? What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? Give and recognize examples of each. Know what each type of gland secretes.
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- Specialized for secretion
- Types o Endocrine gland – gland that secretes through diffusion (Ex. Thyroid, ParaThyroid, Pituitary, Pancreas, adrenal) o Exocrine gland – gland that secretes through a duct onto surface (Ex. Sweat, mucus, enzymes, milk, pancreas) |
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Explain the different types of secretion used by exocrine glands. Give examples of glands that use each type of secretion.
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Merocrine
- releases secretory vesicles by exocytosis - Ex. Serous sweat glands, salvary glands, pancreatic gland, most glands Apocrine - Involves loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product. The apical portion of the cytoplasm becomes packed w/ secretory vesicles and is then shed. - Ex. Mammary glands Holocrine - Destroys the gland cell. The entire cell becomes packed w/ secretory products and then bursts releasing the secretion but killing the cell. - Ex. Sebaceous glands, associated w/ hair follicles |
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What are the main classes of connective tissue? Explain the major functions of connective tissue.
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a. Main classes of CT are:
i. Proper ii. Supportive iii.Fluid b. Major function is to give structural support to other tissues and organs in the body |
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Describe the function and general structure of different connective tissue fibers.
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Collagen fibers
- Long, straight and unbranched - Most common fibers in CT - Each consists of a bunch of fibrous protein subunit wound together like the strands of rope. - Flexible but it’s stronger than stell when pulled from either end. (tensil strength) Reticular fibers - Contain same protein subunits as collagen but arranged different - Thinner than collagen - Form a branching, interwoven framework that is tough yet flexible - Resist forces applied from many directions - Stabilize positions of functional cells of organs such as liver, blood vessels, nerves and others despite changing positions and pull of gravity Elastic fibers - Contain protein elastin - Branched & wavy - After stretching, they will return to their original length - Interconnect vertebrae |
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Describe and explain the common characteristics of connective tissue.
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a. Establishing a structural framework for the body
b. Transporting fluids and dissolved material c. Protecting delicate organs d. Supporting, surround and interconnecting other types of tissue e. Storing energy reserves, especially in the form of lipids f. Defending the body from invading microorganisms |
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Describe and explain each of the three structural elements of connective tissue.
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a. Specialized Cells
b. Ground substance c. Extracellular fibers |
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Describe / differentiate between interstitial and appositional growth of cartilage.
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a. Interstitial enlarges from within… chrodrocytes undergo cell division and daughter cells produce additional matrix.
b. Appositional grow – new layers of cartilage are added to the surface |
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Differentiate between blood and lymph. Describe the function of the lymph vessels.
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Blood
- watery matrix called plasma. Plasma contains red & white blood cells and Platelets Lymph - Lymph = fluid that got pushed out of capillaries - forms as interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels - Lymph vessels go to big vein near heart. - Carry lymph back to circulatory system - Lymph nodes capture foreign substances & cancerous cells |
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Describe the structure and function of nervous tissue.
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- Made up of neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia
- Specialized for conducting of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another - 98% concentrated in brain and spinal cord which are control centers of the nervous system |
