Bio 244 Flashcards

Front 1

Parazoa

Back 1

No true tissues
Unofficial taxon, only living members = sponges (porifera)

Front 2

Eumetazoa

Back 2

Unofficial taxon
Have differentiated cells and true tissues derived from germ layers

Front 3

Acoelomate

Back 3

Possess mesoderm but no coelom,
region between digestive tract and outer body wall is filled with mesodermally derived cells

Front 4

Pseudocoelomate

Back 4

possess an internal fluid-filled body cavity but cavity is incompletely lined with mesoderm

Front 5

Coelomate

Back 5

fluid-filled cavity, completely lined with mesodermally-derived cells, organs are suspended in double layers of mesoderm tissue called mesenteries

Front 6

Mesenteries

Back 6

double layers of mesodermally-derived tissue, suspends organs in coelomates

Front 7

Somatic regeneration

Back 7

ability of isolated cells to aggregate and form new organisms or body parts (seen in sponges)

Front 8

Totipotent

Back 8

any cell can potentially give rise to any other cell

Front 9

Spongocoel

Back 9

inside of a sponge, hollow, through which water flows

Front 10

Choanocytes

Back 10

flagellated cells lining radial canals in sponges, flagella beat and form water currents, capture food particles in cytoplasm, also where intracellular digestion occurs

Front 11

Pinacocytes

Back 11

thin, plate-like cells, line outside of sponge, spongocoel, and canals

Front 12

Amebocytes

Back 12

ameoboid cells that are involved in intracellular digestion, food transport (receive food vacuoles from choanocytes), spicule and spongin production, reproduction, and contraction of body. scattered through the mesohyl

Front 13

Mesohyl

Back 13

thin gel-like matrix in sponges, contains amebocytes, eggs

Front 14

Amphiblastula

Back 14

clusters of cells in radial canals, sponge larvae, formed by the zygote that has gone through mitosis, eventually break through into the spongocoel and out the osculum

Front 15

Spicules

Back 15

make up skeleton of sponges, can be made of calcium carbonate (calcareous), made of glass (siliceous), stiff and bristle-like

Front 16

Spongin

Back 16

makes up proteinaceious fibers of sponge skeleton

Front 17

Ostia (ostium)

Back 17

lead to small incurrent canals which lead to radial canals, little holes in body wall

Front 18

Osculum

Back 18

Opening in top of sponge, outcurrent

Front 19

Mesoglea

Back 19

acellular gelatinous layer that separates two dermal layers (epidermis and gastrodermis) in cnidarians, is thin in hydrozoans and thick in scyphozoans

Front 20

Strobilization

Back 20

produce multiple medusae off of one polyp

Front 21

Perisarc

Back 21

protective outer covering composed of proteins, polysaccharides adn chitin that surrounds colonial polyps

Front 22

Cnidocytes

Back 22

stinging cells in cnidarians, possess a spiked, harpoon-like nematocyst

Front 23

Nematocyst

Back 23

harpoon-like organelle discharged from the cnidocyte to entangle/paralyze prey in cnidarians

Front 24

Bidirectional synapses

Back 24

nerve potentials can go both ways (opposed to unidirectional synapses in most animals), cnidarians

Front 25

Epitheliomuscular cells

Back 25

cells in the epidermis capable of contraction

Front 26

Nutritive-muscular

Back 26

gastrodermal cells capable of contraction

Front 27

Planula

Back 27

ciliated larval stage developed from fertilized egg, cnidarian, settles to the bottom and forms a polyp

Front 28

Scyphistoma

Back 28

polyp in Aurelia life cycle, eventually becomes strobila.

Front 29

strobila

Back 29

forms from scyphistoma (polyp) in Aurelia, forms many medusae by budding

Front 30

Ephyra

Back 30

young medusa which grows into the sexually mature adult in Aurelia cnidarian

Front 31

Obelia

Back 31

hydrozoan

Front 32

Thecate

Back 32

polyp is covered in a sheath

Front 33

Gastrozooids

Back 33

feeding polyps with tentacles, one of two kinds of polyps in colonial hydrozoans

Front 34

Gonozooids

Back 34

reproductive polyps, produce multiple medusae by budding

Front 35

Protonephridium

Back 35

a closed tubular system that opens to the outside along the length of the body at various points called nephridiopores, has branches that end in flame cells, platyhelminthes, primarily osmoregulation, not nitrogenous waste excretion

Front 36

Miracidia

Back 36

larval stages of trematode flatworms, hatch from eggs, infect intermediate hosts, forms mother sporocyst

Front 37

Mother sporocyst

Back 37

absorbs nutrients from intermediate host (snail) forms many daughter parasites, redia (larva that possess mouthparts) form inside sporocyst

Front 38

Redia

Back 38

larvae (in flatworms, trematodes) that have mouthparts that form inside mother sporocyst, eat snail's reproductive and digestive tissues, cercariae develop inside redia

Front 39

Cercaria

Back 39

larval stages that develop inside redia and burrow through snail's body wall, encyst in a second intermediate host (fish) and encyst as metacercariae, human eats fish, metacercaria travel to liver, mature and produce eggs which are passed with feces

Front 40

Eutely

Back 40

Nematodes exhibit this meaning that each individual consists of exactly the same number of cells

Front 41

Cuticle

Back 41

outer layer of chitin, non cellular, in nematodes produced by the epidermis, is shed several times, similar to the cuticle of arthropods

Front 42

Renette cells

Back 42

excreatory cells that absorb nitrogen wastes from the pseudocoelomic fluids, possess no flame cells, work with excretory canals

Front 43

Protostomes

Back 43

Spiral cleavage,
Blastopore develops into the mouth, determinate cleavage, forms schizocoelom (solid masses of mesoderm split open)

Front 44

Deuterostomes

Back 44

Radial cleavage,
Blastopore develops into the anus, indeterminate cleavage, forms enterocoelom (solid masses of mesoderm 'bud' off)

Front 45

Metamerism

Back 45

serial repetition of compartments seen in annelids, allows for separate hydrostatic compartments = better locomotion and behavioral complexity

Front 46

Typhlosole

Back 46

ridge-like fold of the side of the intestine into the lumen (gut space), increases surface area

Front 47

Chloragogue cells

Back 47

store carbohydrates and lipids

Front 48

Metanephridia

Back 48

tubules that open at two ends: one to the outside and one to the coelom, fluid is collected via nephrostome and excreted via nephridiopore

Front 49

Nephrostome

Back 49

internal opening from metanephridia

Front 50

Nephridiopore

Back 50

external opening from metanephridia

Front 51

Trochophores

Back 51

larvae of marine species of annelids

Front 52

Radula

Back 52

chitinous ribbon of teeth in molluscs

Front 53

Hemocoel

Back 53

blood filled cavity (molluscs)

Front 54

hemoglobin

Back 54

molluscs most primitive animals to have the oxygen carrying respiratory pigment

Front 55

amebocytes

Back 55

immune response in molluscs, arthropods, and echinoderms, phagocytize other foriegn cells

Front 56

tagmata

Back 56

fused body segments; cephalothorax and abdomen in arachnids, head, thorax, and abdoment in insects, head and body in millipedes and centipedes, cephalothorax and abdomen in crustaceans

Front 57

Podomeres

Back 57

segments of jointed appendages in arthropods

Front 58

ecdyses

Back 58

molting

Front 59

Malphigian tubules

Back 59

excretory system in arthropods, blind tubes that dump waste and water into the gut, not a nephridium

Front 60

Antennal (green) glands

Back 60

excrete large amounts of water and ammonia

Front 61

hemolymph

Back 61

fluid in open circulatory systems, like interstitial fluid

Front 62

Ossicles

Back 62

calcareous plates in dermal endoskeleton of echinoderms (deuterostomes)

Front 63

pedicellariae

Back 63

pincers in echinoderms (asteroidea), prevent small organisms from settling on the surface, (Holothuroidea)

Front 64

dermal branchiae

Back 64

small branches off epidermis in echinorderms that function in gas exchange

Front 65

gill arches

Back 65

modified into the inner ear in chordates

Front 66

atrium

Back 66

large cavity in the middle of the tunicate (urochordata)

Front 67

pharyngeal basket

Back 67

water passes through, filters planktonic food suspended in water, gas exchange also, , also broods fertilized eggs

Front 68

endostyle

Back 68

produces mucus in tunicates (sea squirts: urochordates)

Front 69

cirri

Back 69

in lancelets (cephalochordates) finger-like tentacles that act as sensors and can strain out food in the sandy sediments

Front 70

wheel organ

Back 70

in lancelets, creates current in pharynx

Front 71

Neural crest

Back 71

characteristic of craniates, neural crest cells eventually form parts of the cartilage adn bone of the skull

Front 72

Slime glands

Back 72

produce slime in hagfishes, V

Front 73

Vertebrates

Back 73

all have: vertebrae made of bone or cartilage, kidneys with nephrons, livin gendoskeleton that grows with the animal, inner dermis and outer epidermis, hearts, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and closed circulatory systems

Front 74

ammocoetes

Back 74

lamprey larva

Front 75

Oviparous

Back 75

lay eggs that hatch externally

Front 76

oviviparous

Back 76

lay eggs that hatch internally

Front 77

viviparous

Back 77

give birth to live young

Front 78

lateral line system

Back 78

detects changes in water movement in bony fish, may be adapted to sense electrical fields as well

Front 79

pyloric caeca

Back 79

finger-like appendages in the intestines of some fish

Front 80

chorion

Back 80

outermost membrane in amniotic eggs, involved in gas exchange, cuts down on water loss, produces the placenta

Front 81

allantois

Back 81

place to store wastes, allows for conservation of water, also gas exchange

Front 82

yolk sac

Back 82

yolk and albumin provide nutrients

Front 83

amnion

Back 83

fourth and innermost membrane, surrounds embryo, allows the embryo to be bathed in amniotic fluid, prevents dehydration and cushions the embryo

Front 84

negative pressure breathing

Back 84

mammals use this, pulls in air like a suction pump

Front 85

positive pressure breathing

Back 85

amphibians use this, 'gulping' in air

Front 86

heterodonts

Back 86

different types of teeth

Front 87

homodonts

Back 87

one type of teeth

Front 88

secondary palate

Back 88

separates oral and nasal cavity, allows mammals to hold things in their mouths and breathe at the same time

Front 89

eutherian

Back 89

placental mammals

Front 90

monotremes

Back 90

mammals that lay eggs, platypus is an example

Front 91

histology

Back 91

study of tissues

Front 92

basement membrane

Back 92

extracellular matrix secreted by epithelial cells, separates epithelial cells from connective tissue

Front 93

simple squamos epithelium

Back 93

single layer, flattened cells, 'leaky', diffusion of gas, found in capillaries, veins, arteries, skin, mouth, lungs

Front 94

simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 94

single layer, square shaped cells, secretion and absorption, kidney tubules, excretion

Front 95

simple columnar epithelium

Back 95

one layer, long, cloumn shaped cells, nuclei located near basement membrane, absorption, line uterus

Front 96

stratified squamos epithelium

Back 96

many cell layers, covers skin, lines mouth, throat, vagina, anal canal, contains keratin fibers which are waterproof and protect the skin from invasion and injury

Front 97

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 97

single layer of cells, appears to be many layers because of differing locations of nuclei, line the trachea and other parts of the upper mammalian respiratory tract

Front 98

glandular epithelium

Back 98

secrete substances, mammary glands, sweat glands, and endocrine glands

Front 99

lacunae

Back 99

small pockets of cells (connective tissue characterized by sparse populations of cells)

Front 100

loose connective tissue

Back 100

binds epithelia, membranes between organs, composed of fibroblasts, macrophages present,

Front 101

adipose tissue

Back 101

fat, store energy, cushions, insulates, beneath skin, in abdominal membranes, around heart kidneys and joints, large cells filled with lipids, large vacuole that stores lipids is called the fat droplet

Front 102

fibrous connective tissue

Back 102

binds, tendons (bone to muscle) and ligaments (bone to bone), white of eye, deep layers of skin, strong collagen fiber

Front 103

cartilage

Back 103

support, replaced with bone, cells (chondrocytes) present in lacunae ('island-like' cavities) intercellular material made of collagen fibers and ground substance, no blood supply,

Front 104

bone

Back 104

endoskeleton, protection, where blood cells are produced, cells (osteocytes) in hardened matrix, collagen fibers resist flexing or stretch, cannaliculi (canals) stretch across lamellae (concentric circles), Osteons (haversian canals)contain blood vessels and nerves, osteoblasts = build, osteoclasts = destroy

Front 105

blood

Back 105

transport, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma, fibrin = insoluble forms when clotting neccesary, inactive = fibrinogen = soluble,

Front 106

microfilaments

Back 106

actin and myosin in muscle tissue

Front 107

skeletal muscle tissue

Back 107

striated, voluntary, most abundant, large cells, attached at both ends to bone, multinucleate, fatigue most rapidly, heavily vascularized

Front 108

smooth muscle tissue

Back 108

'simplest', long and spindle shaped, no striation, uninucleate, found in walls of hollow organs, involuntary, slow, doesn't fatigue as fast

Front 109

cardiac muscle tissue

Back 109

found in heart, involuntary, striated, branched, cells are connected by intercalated disks

Front 110

effector organs

Back 110

glands or muscles that perform as response to a stimuli

Front 111

chemoreceptors

Back 111

respond to changes in chemical concentrations of body fluids

Front 112

thermoreceptors

Back 112

respond to changes in internal and external temperatures

Front 113

mechanoreceptors

Back 113

respond to changes in touch and pressure

Front 114

photoreceptors

Back 114

respond to changes in and presence of electromagnetic radiation

Front 115

nociceptors

Back 115

pain receptors, respond to tissue damage

Front 116

sensation

Back 116

perception, occurs when the brain recieves information from sensory cells, and interprets them

Front 117

projection

Back 117

projects the sensation back to the apparent source (eyes can see)

Front 118

rods

Back 118

sensitive to black and white vision, predominate in peripheral

Front 119

cones

Back 119

sensitive to color vision, predominate in the fovea

Front 120

near point

Back 120

shortest distance that an object is in sharp focus

Front 121

referred pain

Back 121

when pain or excessive stimuli appear to be located elsewhere

Front 122

allele

Back 122

alternative form of a gene

Front 123

gene pool

Back 123

total number of alleles in a population

Front 124

natural selection

Back 124

stablizing (intermediate)
directional (one of the extremes)
disruptive (against intermediate)

Front 125

populations

Back 125

all of the individuals of one species in an area, have emergent properties

Front 126

habitat

Back 126

place where an individual or species resides, must supply all resources

Front 127

dT

Back 127

change in time

Front 128

dN

Back 128

change in population size

Front 129

r

Back 129

difference in birth and death rates = b-d, reproductive rate per individual

Front 130

N

Back 130

initial population size

Front 131

dN/dt = rN

Back 131

differential equation of calculus, J-shaped exponential curve

Front 132

dN/dt= rN [(K-N)/K]

Back 132

logistic growth equation, s-shaped or sigmoidal

Front 133

K

Back 133

carrying capacity for the environment

Front 134

environmental resistance

Back 134

factors that limit the exponential growth of a population collectively

Front 135

niche

Back 135

functional role in the community

Front 136

net reproductive rate

Back 136

number of offspring per individual