Bio 240W Test 4

Front 1

After the pollen tube forms, the sperm form from ____ cells and enter the ___. This is guided by the chemicals of ___ cells.

Back 1

generative, micropyle, synergid

Front 2

During double fertilization, both the embryo and ___ form.

Back 2

endosperm

Front 3

After fertilization, the ___ is the seed, and the ___ is the fruit.

Back 3

ovule, ovary

Front 4

The ___ develops first through several rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis and makes a multinucleate. These cells later produce a cell wall and become stiffer

Back 4

endosperm

Front 5

In some eudicots, nutrients in endosperm is taken up by the ___ before the seed is mature. This leaves the endosperm distinct from the embryo/cotyledons.

Back 5

cotyledon

Front 6

The first eudicot cell division is ___. This produces a __ cell and a ___ cell.

Back 6

asymmetric, basal, terminal

Front 7

The ___ cell creates a chain of cells known as the ___ in eudicots. This serves to attach to the embryo to parental tissue and transfer nutrients from endosperm to embryo.

Back 7

basal, suspensor

Front 8

The ___ cell gives rise to most of the embryo in eudicots. It initially creates a globular ball of cells known as the ___. This structure differentiates into a heart-shaped embryo and the bumps are cotyledons.

Back 8

terminal, proembryo

Front 9

In the proembryo of eudicots, the root and shoot ___ are visible. The __ is towards the top of the heart, and the ___ is towards the bottom of the heart.

Back 9

apical meristems, shoot, root

Front 10

Growth of the embryo elongates the __-__ axis.

Back 10

apical-basal

Front 11

Seed maturation involves ___ and ___. The seed coat is formed from the ___ which surrounded the ovule.

Back 11

dessication, dormancy, integuments

Front 12

___ fruits develop from a single carpel.

Back 12

simple

Front 13

___ fruits are a cluster of fruits from separate carpels in same flower.

Back 13

aggregate

Front 14

___ fruits are formed from multiple carpels on multiple flowers. ___ is the term used to describe group of flowers tightly clustered together.

Back 14

multiple, inflorescence

Front 15

In ___ fruits, the tissue besides the ovary contribute major portions.

Back 15

accessory

Front 16

In a bean, the ___ are swollen. The embryonic root is the __ and the embryonic stem below the cotyledons is the __. The ___ is the portion of the stem above the cotyledons.

Back 16

cotyledons, radicle, hypocotyl, epicotyl

Front 17

In a castor bean, the __ is still present at maturity.

Back 17

endosperm

Front 18

In a maize seed, the ___ is a specialized cotyledon for absorbing endosperm during germination.

Back 18

scutellum

Front 19

The maize seed has protective structures ___ and ___.

Back 19

coleoptile, coleorhiza

Front 20

During germination, the ___ forms a hook for protection of the shoot apical meristem.

Back 20

hypocotyl

Front 21

The __ is the reservoir of dormant seeds in the environment.

Back 21

seed bank

Front 22

Germination is triggered by the uptake of water by dried seeds known as __.

Back 22

imbibition

Front 23

A __ is an above ground stem that allows for asexual reproduction.

Back 23

stolon

Front 24

A __ is a below ground stem that allows for asexual reproduction.

Back 24

rhizome

Front 25

During __ a detached piece of organism can form a complete adult.

Back 25

fragmentation

Front 26

Root and shoot apical meristems forom from ___ cells during fragmentation.

Back 26

parenchyma

Front 27

__ is the asexual production of a seed.

Back 27

apomixis

Front 28

__ is the formation of a female gametophyte without meiosis.

Back 28

apomeiosis

Front 29

___ is fertilization independent embryo development.

Back 29

parthenogenesis

Front 30

Apomixis requires __, __, and __.

Back 30

apomeiosis, parthenogenesis, and fertilization independent endosperm formation

Front 31

In ___ apomixis, pseudo-gametophyte is formed.

Back 31

gametophtyic

Front 32

In ___ apomixis, the embryo is formed without a gametophyte-like structure.

Back 32

sporophytic

Front 33

In ___ of gametophytic apomixis, a diploid megaspore forms because of no meiosis.

Back 33

diplospory

Front 34

In ___ of gametophytic apomixis, an unusual tissue prodices a diploid megaspore through mitosis.

Back 34

apospory

Front 35

In ___ apomixis, the adventitious production of embryos forms without a gametophyte-like structure.

Back 35

sporophytic

Front 36

___ allows for two dfferent plants to be joined together. There is no immune rejection in plants, so this can occur. The __ donates the roots and the __ donates the rest of the plant.

Back 36

grafting, stock, scion

Front 37

In vitro cloning - __ are formed by removing the cell walls and an undifferentiated ball of __ cells known as a callus will form.

Back 37

protoplast, parenchyma

Front 38

In ___, or hybrid vigor, progeny resulting from cross of two different inbred lines are much more productive.

Back 38

heterosis

Front 39

Studies with the plant ____ have identified some genes that control apomixis.

Back 39

arabidopsis thaliana

Front 40

In phototropism, light is perceived at the __ of the coleoptile.

Back 40

tip

Front 41

The hormone that causes phototropism is ___ known as ___.

Back 41

water soluble, auxin

Front 42

Auxin in its natural form is known as ___ and derived from the amino acid ___.

Back 42

IAA, tryptophan

Front 43

Auxin is pumped in one direction between ___ cells by auxin efflux proteins (known as polar transport) and causes the acidification of the cell wall.

Back 43

parenchyma

Front 44

Cytokinins are derived from ___ and are produced by growing tissues in the root. They act in concert with auxin and simulate the growth of ___.

Back 44

adenine, lateral buds

Front 45

Cytokinins stimulate ___.

Back 45

cell division

Front 46

___ promote cell elongation and division. They also play a critical role in germination and are produced by embryos upon imbibition.

Back 46

gibberellins

Front 47

___ is a hormone that slows growth and plays role in seed dormancy and drought tolerance. It causes the guard cells to expand closing the stomata

Back 47

abscisic acid (ABA)

Front 48

___ is a gaseous hormone causes the "triple response." This results in ___, ___, and ___. It also plays a major role in fruit ripening.

Back 48

slowing of stem elongation, thickening of stem, and curvature of stem

Front 49

Phototropism depends on the perception of __ light.

Back 49

blue

Front 50

__ light encourages seed germination while ___ light prevents seed germination.

Back 50

red, far-red

Front 51

The ___ is the major photoreceptor for red/far-red light in plants.

Back 51

phytochrome

Front 52

The phytochrome has two ___ portions that capture light. The kinase activity domain activates biological responses when light is perceived.

Back 52

chromophore

Front 53

In the phytochrome, red-light stimulates___ synthesis and far-red light stimulates ___ synthesis.

Back 53

P-fr, P-r

Front 54

The ___ form of phytochrome is responsible for seed germination and other processes.

Back 54

P-fr

Front 55

In shade, ___ filters through.

Back 55

far-red light

Front 56

___ plants flower when the night exceeds the day and ___ plants flower when the day exceeds the night.

Back 56

short-day, long-day

Front 57

Photoperiodism is mediated by ___ perception.

Back 57

far-red

Front 58

In plant immunity, the pathogen is recognized by specific ___ in most plant cells. This recognition often leads to ___ where programmed cell death occurs with the production of toxic compounds.

Back 58

R-gene, hypersensitive response

Front 59

Most plant viruses use RNA instead of DNA which is recognized by ___.

Back 59

RNA - interference

Front 60

Plants burn ATP to have ___ charge inside plant cells.

Back 60

negative

Front 61

____ use membrane potential or proton gradient to regulate the solute flow. ___ occurs when molecule must enter cell against the membrane potential.

Back 61

transport proteins, co-transport

Front 62

___ transport is outside of cytoplasm and ___ transport is inside of the cytoplasm.

Back 62

apoplastic, symplastic

Front 63

The ___ route is from cell wall to cytoplasm transport.

Back 63

transmembrane

Front 64

Long distance flow occurs via either the ___ or ___.

Back 64

xylem or phloem

Front 65

___ cells near the tips of roos absorb most water and minerals. The walls of endodermis have a waxy barrier called the ___.

Back 65

epiermal, casparian strip

Front 66

There is no apoblastic entry into the ___. (also known as the stele)

Back 66

vascular bundle

Front 67

Water transport occurs in the ___ and depends on both ___ and ___.

Back 67

xylem, root pressure, transpiration

Front 68

___ occurs because of active transport of solute into vascular tissue (also termed guttation.

Back 68

root pressure

Front 69

The ___ pull of water depends on adhension, cohesion, and surface tension.

Back 69

transporational

Front 70

Transpiration occurs within a film of water in the cell walls of leaf __ cells. It causes a negative pressure potential because of surface tension of water.

Back 70

mespohyll

Front 71

___ is the failure of cohesion because of the formation of a vapor bubble. It is more likely to occur in vessel elements.

Back 71

cavitation

Front 72

Guard cell turgor is controlled by the regulation of ___ uptake.

Back 72

K+ (potassium)

Front 73

Transport in the ___ is always from source to sink. (However, the two can switch.)

Back 73

phloem sap

Front 74

Sugars move from the mesophyll cells to lower concentration cells via ___ pathway. ATP is burned if sugars are to be pumped into seive tube elements or companion cell if move via ___ pathway.

Back 74

symplast, apoplast

Front 75

The Pressure-Flow Hypothesis states at the source the solute potential ___ and water rushes __ the pressure. Sugar is withdrawn at the sink and water enters xylem.

Back 75

decreases, increasing

Front 76

In photosynthesis, the oxygen byproduct is drawn from the ___ reactant and the water/sugar oxygen is drawm from the __ reactant.

Back 76

water, carbon dioxide

Front 77

The ___ use photons to create energy carrier molecules __ and ___.

Back 77

light reactions, ATP, NADPH

Front 78

The ___ burn ATP and NADPH to reduce __ to ___.

Back 78

dark reactions, carbon dioxide, carbohydrates

Front 79

__ is the main pigment, while __ and __ are accessory pigments.

Back 79

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids

Front 80

Most photons are absorbed in the __ and __ range of the visible spectrum.

Back 80

blue and red

Front 81

Chloroplast is a double membrane organelle with thykaloid membranes as well. The __ is between the double membrane and thykaloid. Thykaloids are in stacks called ___.

Back 81

stroma, granum

Front 82

During photosynthesis, light absorption pushes ___ to unoccupied, higher orbitals. The excited state quickly collapses releasing __ and __.

Back 82

electrons, heat, flourescence

Front 83

The excitation of electrons can be spread among adjacent chlorophylls/accessory pigments and i known as ___.

Back 83

light-harvesting complex

Front 84

Only a special pair of molecules actually transfers an electron to an ___.

Back 84

primary electron acceptor

Front 85

A ___ is a complex of proteins and pigments embedded in the thykaloid membrane.

Back 85

photosystem

Front 86

Electrons from the splitting of __ are excited and oxygen is released. The excited electrons jump to the primary acceptor.

Back 86

water

Front 87

In photosystem II, electrons are transported on the ETC and provide energy to synthesize ___.

Back 87

ATP

Front 88

Light excites photosystem I, and the electrons for this are from ___.

Back 88

ETC of photosystem II

Front 89

The excited electrons of photosystem I are transferred to ___ and used to synthesize __.

Back 89

NADP+ reductase, NADPH

Front 90

In the synthesis of ATP, the ___ bonds are high energy.

Back 90

phosphodiester

Front 91

ATP synthesis in photosynthesis occurs by transfer of __ across the membrane.

Back 91

H+

Front 92

Energy of NADPH production is stored as a __ power.

Back 92

reducing

Front 93

Photosystem II's best wavelength is __nm and Photosystem I's best wavelength is __nm.

Back 93

680, 700

Front 94

Cyclic electron flow occurs with electrons from cytochrome complex to __ to photosystem I to __ to complex.

Back 94

Pc, Fd

Front 95

Calvin Cycle uses reducing power of ___ and the energy of ___.

Back 95

NADPH, ATP

Front 96

During carbon fixation, 3 __ and 3- 5-carbon ___ combine to form 3 six-carbon molecules. This is done by the enzyme ___.

Back 96

CO2, RuBP, Rubisco

Front 97

After the first 3- six carbon molecules are formed of the Calvin Cycle, the energy from ___ is used to activate the molecules into 6 three carbon molecules.

Back 97

ATP

Front 98

___ is used to convert the activated 6 three carbon molecules to 6 three carbon ___ molecules. One of these molecules is used to produce sugar and the other 5 continue the cycle.

Back 98

NADPH, G3P

Front 99

The 5 leftover G3P are then converted to 3 five carbon ___ via the burning of ___.

Back 99

RuBP, ATP

Front 100

Per carbon dioxide fixed, 3 __ and 2 __ are used.

Back 100

ATP, NADPH

Front 101

___ is the process where rubisco uses oxygen instead of carbon dioxide.

Back 101

photorespiration

Front 102

In C4 plants the ___ surrounds vein between vein and mesophyll cells.

Back 102

bundle sheath

Front 103

In C4 plants, ___ combines 3 c acceptor with CO2. This is specific to __ cells.

Back 103

PEP carboxylase, mesophyll

Front 104

The 4C compound formed from PEP carboxylase is shuttled to bundle sheath cells where it is disassembled to release __ and ___.

Back 104

CO2 and 3C compound

Front 105

The Calvin Cycle in C4 plants is restricted to the __ cells.

Back 105

bundle sheath

Front 106

The bundle sheath cells lack ___ and therefore do not produce O2.

Back 106

PSII

Front 107

In CAM plants the __ open at night and allow gas exchange. The __ is then stored as a storage molecule.

Back 107

stomata, CO2

Front 108

There are ___ nutrients necessary in plants. N, K, and P are ___ and Ca, Mg, and S are ___.

Back 108

15, primary, secondary

Front 109

Artificial production of ammonia is known as the ___. It requires the input of 8 ATP.

Back 109

Haber Process

Front 110

__ is the process by which oxygen is decreased in lakes because of fertilizer.

Back 110

eutrophication

Front 111

Majority of the atmosphere is ___. However it must be reduced in order to get it into a usable form.

Back 111

N2 (nitrogen)

Front 112

___ reduce N2 gas and release it as NH3.

Back 112

nitrogen fixing baceria

Front 113

Bacteria that oxidize NH4+ include __ which produce NO2- and __ that produce NO3-.

Back 113

nitrosomonas, nitrobacer

Front 114

In soil NH3 is converted to NH4.

Back 114

yes

Front 115

NO3- is converted back to atmospheric N2 by ___.

Back 115

denitrifying bacteria.

Front 116

In nitrogen fixing bacteria, the enzyme responsible for nitrogen fixation is ____.

Back 116

nitrogenase

Front 117

Nitrogenase is very sensitive to ___.

Back 117

oxygen

Front 118

Symbiosis in legume plants involve root nodules with ___ bacteria.

Back 118

rhizobium

Front 119

The root nodule of legumes must maintain low O2 for nitrogenase to work correctly. This is achieved by making a ___ which surrounds the infected cells. Also, infected nodules produce ___ that scavenges free O2.

Back 119

permeability barrier, leghemoglobin