Bio 240W Final Flashcards (Exam 1 And 2 - Animals)

Front 1

This is the route by which deoxygenated blood reenters the right atrium of the heart.

Back 1

Vena Cava (superior and inferior)

Front 2

Blood flows into the ___ and out of the ___ of the heart.

Back 2

atrium, ventricle

Front 3

___ move blood away from the heart and ___ move blood toward the heart.

Back 3

arteries, veins

Front 4

This gland secretes an anti-coagulating enzyme and citrate into the urethra.

Back 4

Prostate Gland

Front 5

This accounts for 60% of semen volume. It also secretes a coagulating enzyme and ascorbic acid.

Back 5

Seminal Vesicles

Front 6

This is the process following cleavage where three embryonic germ layers are formed.

Back 6

Gastrulation

Front 7

Open end of the archenteron.

Back 7

Blastopore

Front 8

This is the blood flow sequence in which oxygen is absorbed both through the lungs and skin.

Back 8

Pulmocutaneous Circuit

Front 9

In reptiles, the double circulation is separated into __ chambers. The ventricle pumps blood and is separated by the ___.

Back 9

3, septum

Front 10

This is the system that lost fluids/proteins from gas exhange in capillary beds reenter the blood.

Back 10

Lymphatic System

Front 11

This is the cell formed from the division of primordial germ cells during the early stages of oogenesis. They undergo mitosis and stop at __ and are then considered ____.

Back 11

oogonia, prophase I, primary oocytes.

Front 12

This is the hormone that stimulates the continued development of primary oocytes.

Back 12

FSH

Front 13

This was the structure that people believed a human developed from initially before the discovery of the embryo.

Back 13

Homonculus

Front 14

This is the process of rapid cell division following fertilization. It results in a hollow ball of cells known as the ___. The individual cells that make up this structure are the ___.

Back 14

Cleavage, blastula, blastomeres

Front 15

Cells are suspended in a liquid matrix called ___.

Back 15

plasma

Front 16

Blood contains ___ that function to maintain osmotic balance and buffer the blood.

Back 16

electrolytes (dissolved salts)

Front 17

___ help to buffer blood, maintain osmotic balance, and contribute to blood thickness.

Back 17

Plasma proteins

Front 18

These combat viruses.

Back 18

immunoglobins (antibodies)

Front 19

What are erythrocytes?

Back 19

red blood cells (carry oxygen)

Front 20

What are leukocytes?

Back 20

white blood cells (defense)

Front 21

ATP is generated by the (oxidation/reduction) of carbs, proteins, and fats.

Back 21

oxidation

Front 22

These are the highest in energy and serve as the best means of energy storage.

Back 22

fats

Front 23

These hormones are secreted by the embryo that signal its presence and maintain the secretion of progesterone/estrogen by the corpus lutem.

Back 23

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Front 24

This is the oxygen carrying component of blood. It contains ___ attached to a ___ group. There are also four subunits (two __ and two __ chains).

Back 24

hemoglobin, iron, heme, alpha, beta

Front 25

During the Bohr Shift, increased levels of CO2 cause a ___ in pH. As a result the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen ___.

Back 25

decrease, decreases

Front 26

This is the fast block to polyspermy. Result of a ____ of the membrane.

Back 26

Acrosomal Reaction, depolarization

Front 27

This is the slow block to polyspermy. Results in the formation of a ____ which is caused by uneven distribution of the divalent cation ___.

Back 27

Cortical Reaction, fertilization envelope, Ca2+

Front 28

This is the structure in female insects that allow it to store sperm.

Back 28

spermatheca

Front 29

These cells pull cells through during gastrulation.

Back 29

mesenchyme

Front 30

During chicken gastrulation, the three germ layers form from the top layer of the embryonic cells known as the ____. The bottom layer of cells is known as the ___. The location where cells are drawn towards the yolk is known as the ___.

Back 30

epiblast, bypoblast, primitive streak

Front 31

The notochord is formed from the ___ and later develops into the ___.

Back 31

mesoderm cells, spine

Front 32

The neural tube is formed from the ___ and later develops into the ___.

Back 32

ectoderm, central nervous system

Front 33

The body can't synthesize certain nutrients and must obtain them from their diet. These are known as ____.

Back 33

essential nutrients

Front 34

Vitamin B complexes and Vitamin C are ___, and Vitamin A, D, and K are ___.

Back 34

water soluble, fat soluble

Front 35

This is the extracellular matrix of the sea urchin egg.

Back 35

vitelline layer

Front 36

In the testes, sperm is produced in coiled ___ and hormones are secreted in the ___.

Back 36

seminiferous tubules, leydig cells

Front 37

During ejaculation, sperm are propelled through the ____ and through the muscular duct known as the ____.

Back 37

epididymis, vas deferens

Front 38

Precum is secreted via the ____.

Back 38

bulbourethral glands

Front 39

Two components of gastric juice are ___ and ___.

Back 39

HCl, pepsin

Front 40

The solution formed after initial digestion is known as ___.

Back 40

chyme

Front 41

The ___ neutralizes the pH of chyme during digestion.

Back 41

pancreas

Front 42

The ___ produces bile which helps to digest fats and other lipids. Bile is stored and concentrated in the ___.

Back 42

liver, gallbladder

Front 43

During digestion, fats are coated in phospholipids, cholestrol, and proteins and stored as water-soluble ___.

Back 43

chylomicrons

Front 44

During cell fate determination, the growth factor ___ is deactivated on the ___ side allowing the formation of these structures.

Back 44

BMP-4, dorsal

Front 45

The ___ valve is at the exit of each ventricle of the heart, and the ___ valve is between the atrium and ventricle.

Back 45

semilunar, atrioventricular

Front 46

This is the pouch in the large intestine that ferments ingested plant material.

Back 46

cecum

Front 47

The complete digestion of carbohydrates occurs in the ___.

Back 47

small intestine

Front 48

In blood vessels, ___ are thicker to deal with ___ blood pressure, and ___ are thinner.

Back 48

arteries, higher, veins

Front 49

In the ovarian cycle, __ is released and causes FSH/LH release.

Back 49

GnRH

Front 50

In the ovarian cycle, the ___ phase occurs when increased ___ levels cause the secondary oocyte to mature.

Back 50

follicular, estradiol

Front 51

The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle ends as ___.

Back 51

ovulation

Front 52

Once the oocyte is released the ___ phase proceeds. LH then causes the ___ to secrete progesterone and estradiol.

Back 52

luteal, corpus luteum

Front 53

The ___ phase of the uterine cycle where the endothelium thickens due to increased ____.

Back 53

proliferative, estradiol

Front 54

The secretion of nutrient fluid that can sustain an embryo during the uterine cycle is known as the ___ phase.

Back 54

secretory

Front 55

The disintegration of the ___ causes a drop in hormone levels leading to the shedding of the endothelium tissue. This is known as the ___ phase.

Back 55

corpus luteum, menstrual flow

Front 56

In a frog embryo, the gray crescent is the site of ___ and will develop into the ___ side of the frog.

Back 56

first cell cleavage, dorsal

Front 57

In saliva, the enzyme ___ hydrolyzes starch and glycogen.

Back 57

amylase

Front 58

The slipper glycoprotein in saliva is known as ___.

Back 58

mucin

Front 59

The flap of flesh that prevents food from entering the trachea is known as the ___.

Back 59

epiglottis

Front 60

When talking about reproductive hormones, the hypothalamus releases ___ that direct the anterior pituitary to release __ and __.

Back 60

GnRH, FSH, LH

Front 61

The male sex hormones are ___ and the female sex hormones are ___.

Back 61

androgens, estrogens

Front 62

In males, the FSH triggers the activity of ___, which nourishes the developing sperm.

Back 62

sertoli cells

Front 63

In males, the LH triggers the activity of ___, which promotes spermatogenesis.

Back 63

leydig cells

Front 64

Blood clotting occurs when __ is converted to __, which in turn converts ___ to ___.

Back 64

prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin

Front 65

A ___ is a clot within a vessel.

Back 65

thrombus

Front 66

___ neurons transmit info from the senses to the brain.

Back 66

sensory

Front 67

___ make up most of the brain and make local connections.

Back 67

interneurons

Front 68

___ neurons transmit signals from the brain to muscles.

Back 68

motor

Front 69

At resting potential, the __ is higher inside the cell and the __ is higher outside the cell.

Back 69

K, Na

Front 70

The Nernst Equation is used to calculate what?

Back 70

equilibrium membrane potential

Front 71

As the magnitude of potential increases (becomes more negative) a ___ occurs.

Back 71

hyperpolarization

Front 72

As the magnitude of the potential decreases (becomes more positive) a ___ occurs.

Back 72

depolarization

Front 73

When ___ is met, __-__ ion channels open.

Back 73

threshold, voltage-gated

Front 74

The __ channels open first during action potential.

Back 74

sodium (Na)

Front 75

During the __ period, an action potential cannot be initiated. It is a result of inactive sodium channels

Back 75

refractory

Front 76

The speed of action potential is determined by ___ and the presence of ___.

Back 76

axon diameter, myelin sheath

Front 77

Myelin sheath is synthesized by ___ in the CNS and by ___ in the PNS.

Back 77

oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

Front 78

___ bring potential toward threshold (depolarize).

Back 78

EPSPs

Front 79

___ bring potential away from threshold (hyperpolarize).

Back 79

IPSPs

Front 80

___ summation occurs one after the other and ___ summation occurs simultaneously.

Back 80

temporal, spatial

Front 81

In the cochlea, hairs on the ___ membrane come into contact with the ___ membrane as waves are transmitted through the ___ canal.

Back 81

basilar, tectorial, vestibular

Front 82

After the vestibular canal, the vibrations travel down the ___ canal and are dampened at the ____.

Back 82

tympanic, oval window

Front 83

Caterpillars molt because of ___ which is activated by lack of ___ hormone.

Back 83

ecdysone, juvenile

Front 84

Kidney is supplied by the renal ___ and drained by the renal ___.

Back 84

artery, vein

Front 85

The ___ is the functional unit of the kidney.

Back 85

nephron

Front 86

The ___ is surrounded by capillaries of the Bowman's capsule in the kidney.

Back 86

glomerulus

Front 87

The correct order of the filtrate flow in the kidney is: proximal, distal, loop of henle, collecting duct

Back 87

proximal, loop of henle, distal, collection duct

Front 88

The ___ is the capillary that supplies the loop of henle.

Back 88

vasa recta

Front 89

the proximal and distal tubules are surrounded by the ___.

Back 89

peritubular capillaries

Front 90

In the ___ loop of henle, aquaporins allow water adsorption.

Back 90

descending

Front 91

In the ___ loop of henle, there are no aquaporins and NaCl is diffused in the __ segment and actively transported in the __ segment.

Back 91

ascending, thin, thick

Front 92

In the __ tubule, the absorption/secretion is regulated by aldosterone.

Back 92

distal

Front 93

__ neurons transmit sensory input to brain. and ___ neurons transmit motor output to muscles.

Back 93

afferent, efferent

Front 94

The ___ nervous system regulates the internal environment.

Back 94

autonomic

Front 95

The __ nervous system excites and the ___ nervous system calms down.

Back 95

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Front 96

An ___ is isotonic to its surroundings, and an ___ is has osmolarity independent to its surroundings.

Back 96

osmoconformer, osmoregulator

Front 97

__ cannot tolerate large fluctuations in external osmolarity and __ can tolerate large fluctuations in external osmolarity.

Back 97

stenohaline, euryhaline

Front 98

The neurotransmitter released during muscle contraction is ___

Back 98

acetylcholine

Front 99

The forebrain develops from the __ and ___. The midbrain develops from the ___. The hindbrain develops from the ___ and ___.

Back 99

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

Front 100

The brainstem functions in __ and __.

Back 100

homeostasis, energy relay

Front 101

Arousal and sleep is controlled by the cerebrum and brain stem and is regulated by the hormone ___ synthesized in the ___ gland.

Back 101

melatonin, pineal

Front 102

The biological clock is regulated by the ___ located in the hypothalamus.

Back 102

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Front 103

Emotions are controlled by the ____.

Back 103

limbic system

Front 104

The ___ area controls muscles of the face and allows us to speak. The ___ area allows us to comprehend speech.

Back 104

Broca's, Wernick's

Front 105

Acetylcholine is ___ and its activity is terminated by ___ in the synaptic cleft.

Back 105

excitatory, enxyme

Front 106

The adrenal cortex functions in the body's response to stress and responds to ___ hormone to synthesize the corticosteroids ___ and ___.

Back 106

ACTH, glucocorticoids, mineralcortocoids

Front 107

Papillae on the tongue sense __, __, __, __, and __.

Back 107

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (delicious)

Front 108

Smell is also known as ___.

Back 108

olfaction

Front 109

The hormone that responds to increased osmolarity is ___ and reacts to decreased osmolarity.

Back 109

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

Front 110

The hormone that responds to decreased blood pressure is ___ and causes synthesis of ____ which leads to synthesis of ___ and increased blood pressure.

Back 110

renin, angiotensin, aldosterone

Front 111

Aldosterone causes more absorption of water and ions in the ___ tubules.

Back 111

distal

Front 112

The hormone that responds to increased blood pressure by reducing renin production is ___.

Back 112

atrial natriucetic peptide

Front 113

The process of interpreting stiumli is known as ___.

Back 113

integration

Front 114

Lipid-soluble hormones most often exert their effects by altering ___.

Back 114

gene expression

Front 115

The ___ excretory system in flatworms draws filtrate into flame bulb by cilia.

Back 115

protonephridia

Front 116

The ___ excretory system in earthworms is openeded internally to the body cavity and draws filtrate in via cilia. Osmoregulation by capillary network also occurs.

Back 116

metanephridia

Front 117

The ___ tubules in insects extend from the digestive tract and remove filtrate.

Back 117

malpighian

Front 118

Local regulators exert effects on cells nearby. ___ signaling targets cells nearby, and ___ signaling targets the secreting cell.

Back 118

paracrine, autocrine

Front 119

___ hormone target endocrine cells and ___ hormones target non-endocrine cells.

Back 119

tropic, non-tropic

Front 120

The pancreas secretes __ and __.

Back 120

insulin, glucagon

Front 121

The parathyroid hormone secretes ___ which monitors levels of ___.

Back 121

PTH, Ca2+

Front 122

The thyroid secretes __ and __ and is dependent on iodine concentrations.

Back 122

T3, T4

Front 123

Insects have a compound eye with many ___.

Back 123

ommatidia