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319 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is gross anatomy?
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The study of the body structures visible to the naked eye
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What is anatomical position?
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position of the human body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward
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What is axial?
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relating to head, neck, and trunk
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What is Appendicular?
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relating to the limbs and their attachments to the axis
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What is abdominal?
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pertaining to the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs
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What is acromial?
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pertaining to the point of the shoulder
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What is antebrachial?
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pertaining to the forearm
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What is antecubital?
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pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow
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What is axillary?
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pertaining to the armpit
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What is Brachial?
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pertaining to the arm
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What is buccal?
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pertaining to the cheek
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What is carpal?
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pertaining to the wrist
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What is cervical?
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Pertaining to the neck region
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What is Coxal?
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pertaining to the hip
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What is Crural?
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pertaining to the leg
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What is digital?
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pertaining to the fingers or toes
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What is femoral?
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Pertaining to the thigh
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What is Fibular?
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pertaining to the side of the leg
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What is frontal?
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pertaining to the forehead
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What is Hallux?
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pertaining to the great toe
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what is inguinal?
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pertaining to the groin
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What is mammary?
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pertaining to the breast
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What is mental?
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pertaining to the chin
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What is nasal?
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pertaining to the nose
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What is oral?
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pertaining to the mouth
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What is orbital?
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pertaining to the bony eye socket
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What is palmar?
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pertaining to the palm of the hand
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What is patellar?
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pertaining to the kneecap
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What is pedal?
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pertaining to the foot
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What is Pelvic?
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pertaining to the pelvis region
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What is pollex?
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pertaining to the thumb
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What is Pubic?
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pertaining to the genital region
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What is sternal?
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pertaining to the region of the breastbone
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What is Tarsal?
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pertaining to the ankle
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What is Thoracic?
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pertaining to the chest
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What is umbilical?
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pertaining to the navel
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What is acromial?
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pertaining to the point of the shoulder
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What is Brachial?
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pertaining to the arm
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What is calcaneal?
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pertaining to the heel of the foot
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What is cephalic?
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pertaining to the head
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What is dorsum?
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pertaining to the back
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What is femoral?
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pertaining to the thigh
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What is Gluteal?
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pertaining to the buttocks or rump
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What is lumbar?
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pertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin
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What is Manus?
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pertaining to the hand
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What is occipital?
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pertaining to the posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull
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What is olecranal?
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pertaining to the posterior aspect of the elbow
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What is otic?
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pertaining to the ear
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What is Perineal?
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pertaining to the region between the anus and external genitalia
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What is plantar?
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pertaining to the sole of the foot
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What is popliteal?
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pertaining to the back of the knee
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What is sacral?
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pertaining to the region between the hips
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What is the scapular?
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pertaining to the scapula or shoulder blade area
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What is Sural?
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pertaining to the calf or posterior surface of the leg
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What is vertebral?
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pertaining to the area of the spinal column
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What is superior/inferior?
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superior: above
inferior: below |
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What is anterior/posterior?
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anterior: front
posterior: back |
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What is medial/lateral?
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medial: toward the midline
lateral: away from the midline |
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What is cephalad?
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toward the head
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What is caudal?
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toward the tail
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What is dorsal/ventral?
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dorsal: backside
ventral: belly side |
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What is proximal/distal?
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proximal:nearer the trunk or attached end
distal:farther from the trunk or point of attachment |
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What is superficial/deep?
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superficial: toward or at the body surface
deep: away from the body surface |
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What is section?
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a cut
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What is a plane?
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an imaginary surface or line when body wall is cut
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What is sagittal plane?
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a plane that runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts
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What is midsaggital plane?
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divides the body into equal parts, right down the median plane of the body
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What is frontal plane?
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AKA coronal plane; a longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
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What is transverse plane?
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runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.
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The dorsal body cavity can be subdivided into 2 cavity. What are they?
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Cranial cavity and spinal (vertebral) cavity
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What is is cranial cavity?
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the brain is enclosed within the rigid skull
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What is spinal (vertebral) cavity?
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the delicate spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column
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What is the thoracic cavity?
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separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the dome-shape diaphragm; where the heart and lungs are located
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What is abdominopelvic cavity?
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the cavity inferior to the diaphragm
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What is abdominal cavity?
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houses the stomach, intestines, liver, and other organs
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What is pelvic cavity?
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partially enclosed by the bony pelvis and contains the reproductive organ, bladder, and rectum
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What is the umbilical region?
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the centermost region, which includes the umbilicus
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What is the epigastric region?
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immediately superior to the umbilical region; overlies most of the stomach
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What is the hypogastric rgion?
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immediately inferior to the umbilical region; encompasses the pubic area
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What is the iliac region?
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lateral to the hypogastric region and overlying the superior parts of the hip bones
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What is the lumbar regions?
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between the ribs and the flaring portions of the hip bones; lateral to the umbilical region
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What is the hypochondriac regions?
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flanking the epigastric region laterally and overlying the lower ribs
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what are quadrants?
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right upper quadrant, right lower quadrants, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant
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What is serosa (serous membrane)?
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thin, double layered membrane of the ventral body cavity
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What is parietal serosa?
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lining the cavity walls
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What is visceral serosa?
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covers external surface of the organs within the cavity
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What is peritoneum?
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serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs
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What is pleura?
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serosa lining the lungs
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what is pericardium?
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serosa lining the heart
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What is a cell?
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the structural and functional unit of all living things
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What is plasma membrane?
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separates cell contents from the surrounding environment
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What is ribosomes?
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densely staining, roughly spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein
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What is endoplasmic reticulum?
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highly folded system of membranous tubules and cisternae that extends throughout the cytoplasm
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What is rough ER?
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studded with ribosomes
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What are smooth ER?
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does not participate in protein synthesis but is present in cells that produce steroid-based hormones
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What are golgi apparatus?
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stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends that is generally found close to the nucleus
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What are mitochondria?
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rod-shaped bodies with a double membrane wall; "powerhouse of the cell"
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What are lysosome?
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membrane bound sacs containing an array of powerful digestive enzymes
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What are centrioles?
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lie close to the nucleus;capable of reproducing themselves; direct mitotic spindle during cell division
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What are cytoskeleton?
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provide cellular support; function in intracellular transport
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What is cytoplasm?
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consists of the cell contents between the nucleus and plasma membrane
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What is cytosol?
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fluid filled cytoplasmic material
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What is the nucleus?
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contain genetic material and DNA
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What happens in the stage of interphase of the cell's life cycle?
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the longer period during which the cell grows and carries out its usual activities
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What happens in prophase?
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chromatin threads coil and shorten to form chromosomes in middle of prophase the chromosomes appear double stranded structures
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What happens in metaphase?
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chromosome cluster at the middle of the cell, with centromeres in the center
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What happens in anaphase?
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centromeres of the chromosomes split
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What happens in telophase?
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the chromosome clustered at the poles begin to uncoil and resume the chromatin form
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Mitosis undergoes what stages?
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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
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What is cytokinesis?
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the division of the cytoplasm, which begins after mitosis is nearly complete
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What are chromosomes?
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densely, staining, short, barlike
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What is selective permeability?
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selective of what passes through the plasma membrane
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What is diffusion?
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movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of the lower concentration
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What is concentration gradient?
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differences in concentration
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What is simple diffusion?
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The diffusion of solutes through a differentially permeable membrane
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What is osmosis?
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the diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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passive transport process
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What is crenation?
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crinkling up process; when solution is hypertonic
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What is hypertonic?
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contains more non-penetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell
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What is hypotonic?
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contains fewer non-penetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell
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What is hemolysis?
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red blood cells burst as the water floods into them
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What is active transport?
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requires carrier proteins that combine specifically with the transported substance; can primary or secondary
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What is vesicular transport?
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transporting large particles and molecules across the membrane
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What is endocytosis?
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movement into the cell
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What is exocytosis?
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movement out of the cell
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What is phagocytosis?
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cell eating
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What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
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selective type of endocytosis uses plasma membrane
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what is histology?
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study of tissue
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What are tissues?
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groups of cells that are similar in structure and functions
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What are organs?
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heart, kidneys, and lungs
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What is epithelial tissue or epithelium?
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covers surfaces; covers the external body surface, lines its cavities and tubules
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What is apical surface?
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one free surface
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What is basement membrane?
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secreted partly by the epithelial cells and connective tissue cells that lie adjacent to each other
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What is squamous?
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scalelike
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What is simple squamous?
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single layer of flattened cells
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What is stratified squamous?
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thick membrane composed of several cell layers; surface cells are flattened (squamous)
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What is simple cuboidal?
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single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
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What is stratified cuboidal?
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generally two layers of cubelike cells
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What is simple columnar?
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single layers of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some have cilia
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What is pseudostratified columnar?
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ciliated; single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface
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What is stratified columnar?
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several cell layer; basal cell usually cuboidal
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What is transitional epithelial tissue?
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resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
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Which epithelium allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important?
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simple squamous
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Where does simple squamous epithelium located?
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lining of heart and blood vessels
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What is the location of stratified squamous?
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lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina
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What is the function of stratified squamous?
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protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
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What are the functions of simple cuboidal?
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secretion and absorption
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what is the location of simple cuboidal?
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kidney tubules, ovary surfaces
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what is the function of stratified cuboidal?
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protection
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What is the location of stratified cuboidal?
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salivary glands
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What is the function of simple columnar?
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secretion and absorption
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what is the location of simple columnar?
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digestive tract
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What is the function of pseudostratified columnar?
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secretion
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What is the location of pseudostratified columnar?
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lines the trachea
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What is the function of stratified columnar?
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protection; secretion
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What is the location of stratified columnar?
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male urethra
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What is the function of transitional epithelium?
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stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
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What is the location of transitional epithelium?
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lines the ureter and bladder
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What is skeletal muscle?
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the "meat" that attached to the skeleton; long, cylindrical, multinucleated; striations
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What is striations?
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stripes
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Where does the skeletal muscle located?
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in skeletal muscles attached to bones
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What is the function of skeletal muscle?
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voluntary movement
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What is multinucleated?
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cell with multiple nucleus
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What is an example of a multinucleated cells?
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skeletal muscle
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What is cardiac muscle?
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Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells
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What are the functions of cardiac muscle?
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as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation
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Where does the cardiac muscle located?
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wall of the heart
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What muscle is uninucleate?
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cardiac muscle
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where does the intercalated disks found?
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cardiac muscle
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What is smooth muscle?
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spindle shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations
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Where does the smooth muscle located?
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mostly in the walls of hollow organs
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What is the function of smooth muscle?
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propels substances or objects along internal passageways
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which muscle is not striated?
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smooth muscle
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What is the characteristics of epithelial tissue? Hint: CRAPS
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1. cellularity
2. regeneration 3. avascular 4. polarity 5. supported by connective tissues |
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What are the connective tissue proper?
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areolar, adipose, reticular, and dense connective tissues
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What is fibroblasts?
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cells of connective tissue proper that is responsible for production of extracellular fibers and secretion of the matrix
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What is adipose connective tissue?
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fat cells
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What is collagen fibers?
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most abundant of the 3 fibers; provide support
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What is elastic cartilage?
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similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix
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What is Reticular Connective tissues?
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network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance
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Where can elastic cartilage be found?
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ear; epiglottis
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Where could you find reticular connective tissue?
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spleen
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What are the functions of reticular connective tissue?
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fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types
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What are the functions of elastic cartilage?
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maintain the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
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What is elastic fibers?
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(yellow fibers); bundles of proteins (elastin) found in connective tissue and produced by fibroblasts
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What is reticular fibers?
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structural fiber composed of collagen
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What is embryonic connective tissue?
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mesenchyme connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers
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What is areolar connective tissue?
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gel like matrix with all three fiber types; have fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells
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What are the functions of areolar connective tissue?
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soft packaging material that cushions and protects body organs;
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Where does areolar connective tissue located?
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under epithelia of body
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What are the functions of embryonic connective tissue?
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gives rise to all other connective tissue types
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Where is embryonic connective tissue located?
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embryo
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What is dense regular connective tissue?
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primarily parallel collagen fiber;major cell type is the fibroblast
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What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
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attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones
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Where does the dense regular connective tissue located?
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tendons and ligaments
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What is dense irregular connective tissue?
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irregularly arranged collagen fibers; major cells type is in fibroblast
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Where does the dense irregular connective tissue located
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dermis of the skin
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what is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?
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provide structural strength
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What is cartilage?
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A tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue found in various parts of the body
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What is chondrocytes?
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cartilage cell; They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans.
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What is lacunae?
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chambers cells sits in
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What is hyaline cartilage?
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amorphous but firm matrix
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Where can hyaline cartilage be found?
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covers the ends of long bones
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What are the functions of hyaline cartilage?
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supports and reinforces
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What is fibrocartilage?
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matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage
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Where is fibrocartilage located?
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intervertebral discs
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What is the function of fibrocartilage?
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tensile strength to absorb shock
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What is bone?
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hard,calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers
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What is the function of bone?
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supports and protects
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What is osteocytes?
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bone cell
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What is blood?
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red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix
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Where is blood located?
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within blood vessels
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What is the function of blood?
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transport of respiratory nutrients
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What are neurons?
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highly specialized to receive stimuli
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what is neuroglia?
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supporting cells of neurons
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What is integument?
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the skin
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What is hypodermis?
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deep to the dermis; not considered the skin
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What is epidermis?
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composed of epithelium and an underlying connective tissue
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What is keratinocytes?
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most abundant epidermal cells; produce keratin
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What is keratin?
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fibrous protein that give the epidermis its durability
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What is melanocytes?
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spidery black cells that produce the brown to black pigment
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what is malanin?
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brown to black pgment
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What is langerhan cell?
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immunity cell
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What is merkel cell?
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touch receptor
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What is stratum basale?
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undergo mitotic cell division
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What is stratum spinosum?
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bundles of intermediate filaments
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What is stratum granulosum?
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granular layer
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What is stratum lucidum?
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clear layer; only in thick skin
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What is stratum corneum?
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outermost epidermal layer; account for the thickness of skin
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What is the papillary layer?
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composed of areolar connective tissue; fingerlike projections
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What is reticular layer?
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composed of dense irregular connective tissue; deepest skin layer
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What is Meissner's corpuscle?
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touch receptor
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What is Pacinian corpuscle?
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pressure receptor
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What is follicle?
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formed from both epidermal and dermal cells
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What is hair shaft?
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projecting from scalp
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What is hair bulb?
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collection of well-nourished germinal epithelial cells at the basal end of the follicle
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What is arrector pili muscle?
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"goose bumps"; smooth muscle cells connect hair follicle to the papillary layer
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What is sebaceous gland?
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not found on soles of feet or palms of hand; oil glands
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What is sweat (sudoriferous) glands?
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exocrine glands; pores
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What is eccrine glands?
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AKA merocrine glands;perspiration;regulate heat
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What is apocrine gland?
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secrete milky protein and fat substance
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What is epithelial membrane?
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epithelial sheet bound to an underlying layer of Connective tissue
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What is cutaneous membrane?
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the skin
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What is mucous membrane?
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secrete mucus; line respiratory, digestive, and urinary cavities
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Where are goblet cells located?
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mucous membrane
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What is serous membrane?
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simple squamous;line body cavity
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What is synovial membrane?
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lining joint cavities; cushion structure movement; composed only Connective tissues
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Where are long bone located?
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femur and phalanges; composed of compact bone
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What is short bone?
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contain spongy bone; tarsal and carpals
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What is flat bone?
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in the skull; thin waferlike layers
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What is irregular bone?
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vertebrae
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What is sesamoid bone?
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short bones formed in tendons; patella
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What is tuberosity?
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large rounded projection
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What is crest?
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narrow ridge of bone
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What is trochanter?
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large irregular shape
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What is line?
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narrow ridge of bone
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What is tubercle?
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small round process
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What is epidcondyle?
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above a condyle
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What is spine?
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sharp pointed projection
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What is process?
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projection
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What is head?
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bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
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What is facet?
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articular surface
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What is condyle?
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round articular projection
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What is ramus?
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armlike bar of bone
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What is sinus?
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spcae within a bone
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What is meatus?
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canal passageway
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What is fossa?
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hallow depression in bone
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What is groove?
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furrow
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What is fissure?
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slitlike opening
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What is foramen?
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round opening through bone
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What is diaphysis?
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located in long bone; AKA shaft
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What is periosteum?
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covers outside layer of bone
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What is articular cartilage?
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covers epiphyseal surface, hyaline cartilage
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What is epiphyseal plate?
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thin area of hyaline cartilage; longitudinal growth
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What is epiphyseal lines?
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appears when bone stop growing
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What is medullary cavity?
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center of shaft; contain red and yellow bone marrow
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What is compact bone?
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smooth homogenous
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What is yellow marrow?
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adipose tissue; in medullary cavity
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What is red marrow?
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form blood cells; in medullary cavity
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What is endosteum?
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lines medullary cavity
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What is central canal?
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AKA Halversian canal; runs parallel to long bone
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What is osteocytes?
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bone cells
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What is lamella?
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concentric rings
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What is osteon?
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surroundingcentral canal and concentric lamellae
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What is canaliculi?
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canals radiating outward from a central canal to the lacunae; nutrient supply
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What is perforating canal?
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runs horizontal; communication pathway between the bone interior and its external surface
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What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
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provide sturdy support; glassy;
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What is fibrocartilage?
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provide tensile strength and can stand heavy compression; located in invertebral discs
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What is synarthrosis?
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immovable joints; strong joints; movements prevented
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What is aphiarthrosis?
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slightly movable joints
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What is diarthrosis?
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free movement; synovial joint
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What is fibrous joints?
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bones joined by fibrous tissue
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What are sutures?
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in skull; irregular bones interlock and united by short connective tissue fibers
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What is syndesmoses?
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bones do not interlock; joint at distal end of the tibia and fibula
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What are example of cartilaginous joints?
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synchondroses and syphyses
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What is cartilaginous joint?
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the articulating bones ends are connected by a plate or pad of cartilage; amphiarthroses
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What is symphyses?
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connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage; "growing together"
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What is synchondroses?
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articulation of the costal cartilage of the first rib with the sternum; hyaline cartilage
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What is synovial joints?
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most joints in the body; diarthroses
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What is articular cartilage?
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covers the surfaces of the bones forming the joint; AKA hyaline cartilage
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What is plane joint?
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Gliding; sliding movements in one or two planes
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What is hinge joint?
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rounded process of one bone fits into the concave surface of another to move
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What is pivot joint?
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rounded surface of one bone articulates with a shallow depression in another bone
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What is condyloid joint?
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oval condyle of one bone fits into a depression in another bone, allowing biaxial movement
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Examples of condyloid joint is?
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wrist and knuckles
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What is saddle?
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articulating bone is concave and the other is convex
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What is ball and socket joint?
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head of one bone fits in a depression of another
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What is flexion?
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reduce distance between two bone
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What is extension?
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increase angle of joint and distance
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What is abduction?
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limb away from midline
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What is adduction?
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limb toward the midline
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What is rotation?
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common movement of ball and socket joints
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What is circumduction?
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the limb as a whole outlines a cone
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What is pronation?
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the distal end of the radius moves across the ulna
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What is supination?
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radius and ulna is parallel
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What is inversion?
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medial turning of the sole of the foot
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What is eversion?
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lateral turning of the sole of the foot
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What is dorsiflexion?
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ankle joint in a dorsal direction
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What is planterflexion?
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ankle joint in which the foot is flexed downward
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