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251 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bacteriology
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study of bacteria
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Virology
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Study of viruses
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Mycology
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Study of fungi
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Phycology
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Study of algae
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Protozoology
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Study of protozoa
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Parasitology
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Study of parasites
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Immunology
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Study of immune stystem
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Epidemiology
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Study of the outbreaks of disease
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What are the single celled algaea?
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Dinoflagellates
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Biotechnology
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Any process in which humans use the metabolism of another organism to produce a desired product
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Bioremediation
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Microbes used to clean up oil spill but won't hurt the environment because once their food source is gone they starve to death
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When was the black plague?
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1347
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When did Cortez kill all the Indians?
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1519
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When was the Irish Potato Famine?
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1800s
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When was teh Spanish flu?
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1918
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What was the significance of the Spanish flu?
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LRI that caused the immune system to attack the microbe and the pts lungs
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When was the first reported incidence of AIDS?
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1981
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What is the problem with drug cocktails for treating HIV?
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1) Expensive
2) The virus is becoming resistant 3) Most cocktails have nasty side effects in most people |
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The incidence of HIV is increasing in which group of people?
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Black women ages 30-50
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Why did it take micro so long to become a science?
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1) Microscopes weren't invented
2)People believed disease was from the Gods |
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Leeuwenhock
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Came up with the compound light microscope
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Came up with the compound light microscope
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Leeuwenhock
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Edward Jenner
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Came up with the first vaccine
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Came up with the first vaccine
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Edward Jenner
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Semmelweis and Oliver Wendall Holmes
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Hand washing -->aseptic technique
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Hand washing -->Aseptic technique
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Semmelweis and Oliver Wendall Holmes
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John Snow
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Father of epidemiology
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Father of epidemiology
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John Snow
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Joseph Lord Lister
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Antiseptic technique with carbolic acid
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Came up with antiseptic technique with carbolic acid
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Joseph Lord Lister
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Louis Pasteur
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Germ theory of disease, pasteurization, vaccine for rabies
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Germ theory of disease, pasteurization, vaccine for rabies
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Louis Pasteur
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How do you pasteurize something?
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heat at 55C for 30 min
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Father of micro
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Louis Pasteur
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Robert Koch
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Koch's postulates to identify the causative agent of a disease, Bacillus anthracis, mycobacterium
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What are the steps in Koch's postulates?
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1) Take all sick animals and try to id a common microbe
2)Grow microbe in pure culture 3) Inject pure culture in healthy test animals 4) When animals get sick get the same pure culture |
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Metchnikoff
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cells protect the person - phagocytic cells like T cells
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Came up with the idea that cells protect the person - phogocytic cells like T cells
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Metchnikoff
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Ehrlich
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Chemicals protect the person - antibodies
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Came up with the idea that antibodies fight off infection
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Ehrlich
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Came up with the medication to fight Syphilis
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Ehrlich
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Salvarsan ("Agent 606")
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Medication to combat syphilis
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Golden Age of Microbiology
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Period of time from Pasteur and WWI
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Resolving power
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The smallest detail you can see in a microscope limited and determined by the wave length of light being used to illuminate the specimen
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Which allows you to see smaller specimens in a microscope, shorter or longer wave lengths?
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Shorter
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Phase contrast microscope
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Regular microscope that has two polarizing filters which increases the contrast between the specimen and the background
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A phase contrast microscope is easier with what type of specimens?
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Living
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Dark field microscope
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regular light microscope with a condenser that bends the light away from your eye
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What specimen is best seen in a dark field microscope?
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Treponema (Syphilis)
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Ultraviolet light microscope
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Has a shorter wavelength so allows for more detail
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Fluorescent microscope
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Use UV light and fluorescent stain, filed is black and the bacteria glows,
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What microbe can be seen with a Fluorescent microscope?
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Mycobacteria
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Other than mycobacteria, what is a fluorescent microscope good for?
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Ability to label antigens and antibodies with fluorescent dye for serology tests
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Electron microscope
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Utilizes a beam of electrons, greatest resolving pattern with these microscopes,
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What are the problems with electron microscopes?
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1) have to take a picture to see
2)have to use heavy metal stains that may change shape 3) specimen must be cut thinly and may cause specimen to fall apart 4) EXPENSIVE to obtain and maintain |
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Where are electron microscopes used?
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research in the clinical area
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What is the hanging drop technique used to determine?
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Motility
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How do you do a hanging drop technique?
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1) Edges of cover slip in Vaseline
2) drop of specimen in center of cover slip 3) Invert cover slip onto the concave well 4) See either little dots or little dots moving |
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What is the purpose of staining a specimen?
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Gives specimen color and makes it easier to see
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What do you do before you can stain a specimen?
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Smear preparation
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What are the three types of staining?
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Simple
Differential Special |
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What are the steps to smear prep?
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1) Smear specimen on small area
2) Slide air dry 3) Heat fix the slide 4) Let slide cool off |
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What is the function of heat fixing a slide?
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Glue the cells to the slide
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What are the steps of simple staining?
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1) Smear prep
2) Methylene blue - 1 min 3) Water rinse 4) Blot |
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What is so special about differential staining?
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Allows me to divide bacteria into 1 of two groups
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What are the two types of differential stain?
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Gram and Acid-Fast/Ziehl-Neelsen
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What are the steps of Gram staining?
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1) Smear prep 2) Crystal violet - 1 min 3) Water rinse 4) Gram's iodine - 1 min 5 ) Water rinse 6) Acetone alcohol or 95% EtOH for 20 seconds 7) Water rinse 8) Safranin - 1 min 9) Water rinse 10) Blot
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What is the primary stain in Gram's?
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Crystal violet
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What function does Gram's iodine have with Gram's stain?
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Seal the crystal violet
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What is the function of Aceone-alcohol or EtOH in Gram's stain?
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Decolorizing agent
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What is the counter stain in Gram's stain?
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Safranin
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What color is Safranin?
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Red
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After doing a Gram stain which cells are positive and which are negative?
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Blue = Gram +
Red = Gram - |
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What is another name for an acid-fast stain?
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Ziehl-Neelsen
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What is another name for a Ziehl-Neelsen stain?
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Acid-fast
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Which bacteria are the only ones that are acid fast +?
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Mycobacterium
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What are the steps for acid-fast staining?
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1) Smear prep 2) Carbol fuchsin and stem 5-7 min 3) Cool 4) Water rinse 5) Acid-alcohol rinse 6) Water rinse 7) Methylene blue 1 min 8) Water rinse 9) Blot dry
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What is primary stain in an acid-fast stain?
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Carbol fuchsin
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What color is carbol fuchsin?
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red
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What is the counter stain in acid-fast stain?
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Methylene blue
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What color is an acid-fast + reaction?
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Red
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What color is an acid-fast - reaction?
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Blue
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What temp is Agar liquid?
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> 40C
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How do you know there is growth in broth?
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Will produce a cloudiness/turbidity
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Turbidity
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Cloudiness of a broth as a result of growth
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When you have a culture that grows just at the top
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Pellicle
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When you have a culture that grows just at the bottom.
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Sediment
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What is a streak for isolation?
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Method used to prepare pure cultures in which bacteria are lightly spread over the surface of agar plates, resulting in isolated colonies
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True or False:
Isolated colonies are a pure culture. |
True
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What characteristics are important to take note of for isolated colonies?
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size, margin, elevation, pigment
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What is a pour plate?
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Specimens are added to liquid agar that is allowed to set up in order to obtain isolated colonies
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What is a spread plate?
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A drop of specimen is placed on a plate and a spreading tool is used to spread the specimen throughout the plate to obtain isolated colonies
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What is special about Enterobacteriaceae?
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All can live in your intestines
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How do you decipher the bad Enerobacteriaceae from the good?
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Whether they ferment lactose
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If an Enterobacteriaceae ferments lactose, does that make them good or bad?
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Good
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VRE is caused by what microbe?
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Enterococcus faecalis
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What is bacterialmorphology?
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Shape of bacteria
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What shape is bacillus?
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Rod shaped
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What is a rod shaped bacteria called?
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Bacillus
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What shape is coccus?
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Spherical
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What is a spherical shaped bacteria called?
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Coccus
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What is a corkscrew shaped bacteria called?
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Spiral
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What shape is a spiral shaped bacteria?
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Corkscrew
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Diplococcus
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Cocci that occur in pairs
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Streptococcus
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Cocci that appear in chains
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Staphylococcus
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Cocci that occur in clusters
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Sarcina
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Cocci that are in packets of four or eight
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Vibrio
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Sprial form that looks like a printed C
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Spirillum
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Sprial form that is shaped like a cork screw, rigid, no flexibility, always has a flagella
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Spirochete
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Spiral corkscrew shape, flexible, no flagella, do have axial filament
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What determines shape and arrangement?
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Genetics
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Pleomorphic
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Organism that exhibits a variety of shapes
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Can you educe pleomorphism?
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Yes, by changing the environment
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What organism did we talk about that is pleomorphic?
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E. coli
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Coccobacillus
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Bacillus
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Flagella
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Long thin hair like appendage that aids in movement of bacteria
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Monotrichous
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One flagella
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Lophotrichous
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Tuft flagella that is like a horse's tail
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Amphitrichous
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Tuft flagella at both ends of the cell
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Peritrichous
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Cell completely covered by flagella
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Which type of bacteria do NOT have flagella?
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Cocci
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Axial filament
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Thread like appendage, it's wrapped around the outside of the cell and attaches at both ends
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Which type of bacteria has axial filament?
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Spirochete
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Pili
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Shorter straighter and smaller than a flagella with no function in motility
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Which type of bacteria typically have pili?
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Gram -
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Bacterial conjugation
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Allows bacteria with a pili to exchange info
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Sex pili
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allows bacteria to go through bacterial conjugation
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Common pili
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Allows bacterial cells to attach to a host cell
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Colonization
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When the microbe gets into you and it overcomes your defense mechanisms
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Neisseria meningiditgis
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Common pili, causes meningitis
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Glycocalyx
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Term for substance that completely surrounds a bacterial cell, slimy and watery
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Capsule
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Firm substance that surrounds a bacterial cell
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In which bacterial cell would you find a capsule?
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Some bacilli and cocci
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What is the function of a capsule?
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Act as a buffer, protect against phagocytosis, enhance colonization
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What are some examples of cells that have a capsule?
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Strep. Pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumonia Bacillus anthracis |
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Biofilm
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Extracellular material that holds the cells together
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What are some examples of biofilm in the environment?
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Slimy stuff in the water bowl and humidifier
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A biofilm infection of a person is serious why?
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Very difficult to kill them
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What is an example of a biofilm bacteria?
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Pseudomonas
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All prokaryotic organisms except ________ have a cell wall.
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Mycoplasma
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What is the principal component of a cell wall?
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Peptidoglycan (protein and carb molecule)
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Gram stain + cell walls are different from gram - how?
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Gram + several layers of peptidoglycan
Gram - have only a single layer so they aren't that strong |
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Gram - cell walls take care of their lack of strength by what?
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lipopolysaccharide phospholipid lipoprotein complex
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Why are gram - bacteria so difficult to treat with antibiotics?
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Because the complex has so many lipids
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The lipopolysaccharide complex is referred to as an ____________.
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Endotoxin
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What are the only acid-fast positive organisms?
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Mycobacterium and Nocardia
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What is so special about Mycobacterium and Nocardia cell walls?
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60% mycolic acid
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Mesosome
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irregular folds of plasma membrane, increases the surface area of the cell membrane
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Mesosomes serve as sites for ____________.
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Should look it up
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Inclusion
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Small globule of a specific substance int eh cytoplasm (made up of different items ex: starch, iron, carbs)
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Plasmid
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Extra genetic info and sometimes referred to as extrachromosmal DNA
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Transfer factor
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Factor in the plasmid that codes for the sex pili
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R factor
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Factor that allows for an enzyme that degrades certain antibiotics
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Genetic engineering
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Using a bacteria's plasmid to create something useful
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What type of bacteria are capable of creating an endospore?
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Some of the gram + bacilli
Bacillus and Clostridium |
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Endospores
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Highly durable dehydrated structure that protects the cell from adverse environmental conditions
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What is needed to stain an endospore?
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Steam heat
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Rickettsia
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Obligate intracellular parasite
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How is Rickettsia transmitted?
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By vector typically flea or lice
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Disease
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any deviation from a state of health
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Infection
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A disease caused by either a pathogen or overgrowth of normal flora
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Jonas Salk
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Injectable vaccine for polio
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Sabin
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Oral vaccine for polio
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What was so special about the polio vaccine?
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First time a viral vaccine was known what goes in it
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Which polio vaccine needs a booster?
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Injectable
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What covers the nucleic acid in a virus?
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Capsid
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What makes up the capsid?
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capsomeres
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Envelope
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Flexible membrane like structure covering the capsid in some viruses
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Spikes
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Projections from the envelope
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Virion
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Complete virus with at least nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid made up of capsomeres
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Helical virus
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Rod shaped, looks like barber shop stripe
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Polyhedral virus
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Capside is made up of 20 triangular faces arranged to make 12 corners
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Envelope virus
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Virus has an envelope
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Complex virus
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Virus that doesn't fit into the other categories
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What is the broadest grouping of viruses?
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Family
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Largest of the DNA viruses
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Pox viruses
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Parvovirus
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ssDNA, no envelope
(diarrhea in puppies and infants) |
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Reovirus
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dsRNA, no envelope
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What does reo stand for in Reovirus?
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Respiratory enteric orphan
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Picornavirus
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Smallest of the RNA viruses, no envelope
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Rhinovirus
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Subgroup of Picornavirus
Causes the common cold |
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Enterovirus
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Subgroup of Picorna virus
Acquire this by ingestion |
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Togavirus
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RNA, enveloped
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Flavivirus
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Enveloped RNA virus
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Rhabdovirus
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Enveloped RNA
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Bunyavirus
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Enveloped RNA
Hantaviruses are significant |
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Hantavirus is a category ____ bioterrism agent.
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C
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Herpes
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Enveloped DNA
Capable of passing from host to host without killing cell |
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Herpes simplex I
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Cold sores
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Herpes simplex II
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Genital herpes
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Varicella - Zoster
(Herpes) |
Chicken pox and Shingles
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Epstein-Barr
(Herpes) |
Mononucleousis
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Herpes 6
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Roseola
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Herpes 8
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Kaposi's sarcoma
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Adenovirus
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Naked DNA
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What family of viruses cause major problems for military recruits?
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Adenovirus
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What virus did they genetic engineer to carry DNA to a certain cell?
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Adenovirus
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Papovavirus
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Naked DNA
tumor producing |
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Hepatitis B
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Enveloped DNA
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Arenavirus
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Enveloped RNA
Have Ribosomes |
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Arenavirus is a class ____ bioterrism agent?
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A
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Paramyxovirus
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Enveloped RNA with spikes
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Orthomyxovirus
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Enveloped RNA with spikes
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Filovirus
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Enveloped RNA
Produce hemorrhagic fevers |
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Filovirus is a class ______ bioterrism agent.
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A
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Caronavirus
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Enveloped RNA
SARS |
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Calicivirus
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Naked RNA
Norwalk virus |
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Retrovirus
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Enveloped RNA
Makes DNA from RNA (backwards from everything else) |
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Host range
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Species a virus will infect
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Productive infection
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Virus moves into a host cell and it tells it to make baby viruses and then the host cell undergoes lysis
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What is the virus called in a productive infection?
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Virulent virus
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Latent infection
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The virus moves into a host cell, inserts its nucleic acid and takes a nap, later the virus wakes up and moves into a productive infection
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Persistent infection
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Virus moves into the host cell and the host makes baby viruses, they slowly leak out and the host isn't harmed
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During a viral infection what is the host cell referred to as?
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Permissive cell
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Bacteriophages
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Virus that infect bacterial cells
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Why are bacteriophages important?
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Use them to identify bacteria strains
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Lytic cycle
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Always ends in cell death of a host cell
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Burst time
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Amount of time it takes from attachment to release in Lytic cycle
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Lysogenic cycle
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Viruses inject their genome to the host cell genome and when the host cell replicates the virus genome gets replicated
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Lysogeny
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The cycle where you make a prophage and it excretes an endotoxin
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L-form
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Bacterial derivative that is incredibly tolerant of chemicals
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Prophage
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The viral nucleic acid that has been inserted into the nucleic acid of the bacteria
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Lysogenic phage
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The viral nucleic acid that can become a prohpage
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What is the perk of using bacteriophages instead of antibiotics?
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80% success rate with no side effects, and humans can't be the host
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What are the steps of viral replication in animal cells?
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Attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation
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Where does viral DNA biosynthesis occur in animal cells?
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Entirely in the cytoplasm
or Capsid in the cytoplasm and nucleic acid in the nucleus |
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How does RNA uncoat in replication in animal cells?
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RNA ---> mRNA, mRNA builds RNA polymerase, builds complementary strand of RNA, comp strand makes original RNA structure and make new capsid
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What is a provirus?
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Once the DNA of a retrovirus is inserted into your DNA
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What are the two special aspects of a provirus?
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1) Can and do direct the production of a new virus
2) In provirus form that virus is 100% protected from any defense mechanism you own |
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How does a retrovirus uncoat in an animal cell?
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RNA is used to make DNA and then the complimentary strand to make a dsDNA, DNA is then inserted into animal DNA
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Balance pathogenicity
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The virus survives as well as the host
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Acute infection
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Really sick for 7-10 days
Ex: inflluenza |
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Persistent infection
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The virus remains in the host sometimes up to years
(4 categories) |
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Late complication following an acute infection
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Type of persistent infection: Get through the acute infection stage and then the virus goes to CNS
Ex: measles |
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Latent infection
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Type of persistent infection: Virus is present in host cell not multiplying or doing damage and particles cannot be detected in body fluids, need a titer to see
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Chronic infection
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Type of persistent infection: may or may not have symptoms, can always detect in body fluids
Ex: Hep C and B |
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Slow viral infection:
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Type of persistent infection: acquire the virus, increases in numbers takes years for damage to be apparent, die 6-24 months after symptoms
Ex: HIV |
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How do you detect viral replication?
|
Visible change in the host cell, antigen-antibody complexes,
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Negribody
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The change in shape of a neuron due to rabies
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Plaque formation
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Streak for confluent growth (lawn of growth) and there are areas where there is no bacteria
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Interferon
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Broad spectrum antiviral protein that is species specific
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What is special about interferon?
|
If interferon is in the host cell before the host cell makes baby viruses then the host won't make babies
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When can interferon be made?
|
During a viral infection
|
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Hyperplasia
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Repeated division
|
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What are the oncognic viruses?
|
Pox, Adenoviruses, Papillomaviruses, Epstein Barr virus, Herpes simplex, Retroviruses
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Teratogenesis
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Formation of birth defects
|
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What are the teratogenic viruses?
|
Rubella, CMV, Herpes simplex II
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Viroid
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Smallest know infectious agent, only in plants, no protein coat
|
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Prion
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Small protein with no nucleic acid
|
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Satellite and Delta Virus
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Very small viral like particles, occur only in cells that are affected with a virus
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What is an example of a Delta virus?
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Hep D, only occurs with Hep B
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