Bio 220 : Chp 18

Front 1

there is evidence that all living organissm were confined to the ocean less than

Back 1

1 billion years ago

Front 2

___________ began making the transition from water to land about 400 million years ago and gave rise to land plants

Back 2

green algae

Front 3

kingdom protista includes

Back 3

organisms that all have eukaryotic cells

- may be unicellular or multicellular and occur as either colonies or filaments

- some nonmotile, most are motile

Front 4

modes of nutrition of kingdom protista organisms are

Back 4

photosynthesis, ingestion of food, combination of both, absorption of food in solution

Front 5

green algae

Back 5

chlorophyta

Front 6

green algae (chlorophyta)

Back 6

have cells with the same pigments and reserve food (starch) as those of higher plants

Front 7

in green algae the chloroplasts of chlamydomonas have

Back 7

pyrenoids

Front 8

in green algae the cells have

Back 8

two or more vacuoles and often a red eyespot ; asexual reproduction is by mitosis and sexual reproduction is isogamous

Front 9

asexual reprodcuction in green algae is

Back 9

mitosis

Front 10

sexual reprouction in green algae is

Back 10

isogamous

Front 11

pyrenoids

Back 11

1-2 round pyrenoids are in each chloroplsst

- proteinaceous structures assoiated with the syntheis of starch

Front 12

pairs of cells appear to be attached to each other by their

Back 12

flagella and fucntion as gamete that of 2 types forming xygotes as cell walls break down

- new thick bumpy wall forms areound each zygote

Front 13

cell contents in sexual reproduction now undergo

Back 13

meiosis, producing 4 haploid zoospores, when zygote wall breaks the zoospores swim away and gorw to full sized chlamydomonas cells

Front 14

motile cells that do not unite with other cells; many different kinds of algae produce these

Back 14

zoospores

Front 15

threadlike algae in twigs, rocks in freshwater

Back 15

ulotrix

- basal cell is longer and functions as an attachment cell or holdfast

Front 16

cell that hav ethe capacity to become motile are called

Back 16

aplanospores

Front 17

sexual reproduction involving gametes of ulothrix is called

Back 17

isogamy

Front 18

ulothrix

Back 18

filamentous green algae that may be attached to objects by means of a holdfast

- each cell containa curved plate chloroplast around the periphery

- asexual reproduction is by zoospores

- sexual reproduciton is isgoamous

Front 19

ulothrix green algae asexual reproduction is by

Back 19

zoospores

Front 20

ulothrix green algae sexual reproduciton is

Back 20

isogamous

Front 21

spirogyra is

Back 21

floating fliamentous green algae with spiral, ribbon like chloroplasts

- asexual reproduction by fragmentation

- sexual reproduction by conjugation

Front 22

spirogyra asexual reproduction by

Back 22

fragementaion

Front 23

spirogyra sexual reproduction by

Back 23

conjugation

Front 24

odeogeonium is an

Back 24

epiphytic, philamentous green alga

- it has cylindrical, netted chloroplasts

- in asexual reproduction zoospores are produced

- sexual reproduction is oogamous

Front 25

in oedogonium sexual reproduciton is

Back 25

oogamous

Front 26

in oedogonium aesexual reproduction

Back 26

zoospores are produced

Front 27

in oedogonium chloroplasts are

Back 27

cylindrical and netted

Front 28

in spirogyra chloroplasts are

Back 28

spiral and riboon like

Front 29

in ulothrix chloroplasts are

Back 29

curved plate chloroplast around periphery

Front 30

chloroplasts of chlamydomonas have pyronoids and cells have two or more vacuoles and a red eyspt

Back 30

green algae (chlorophyta)

Front 31

other green algae include

Back 31

chlorella, desmids, acetabularia, volvox, ulva, and cladophora

Front 32

several classes of chromophyta include

Back 32

yellow-green algae, the true golden- brown algae, the diatoms, the brown algae

- some members produce statospores

Front 33

diatoms are very

Back 33

abundant

- they have glassy shell that consists of two halves that ift together like a box with a lid

Front 34

fucoxanthin gives a

Back 34

golden brown color to most chromophytes

- some diatoms move by contact of the cytoplasm with a surface as it prodrudes through the pores

Front 35

diatoms reproduce

Back 35

asexually by mitosis and sexually through the fusion of gametes the form an auxospore (zygote)

Front 36

diatoms repoduce asexually through

Back 36

mitosis

Front 37

diatoms repoduce sexually

Back 37

through the fusion of gametes that form and auxospore (zygote)

Front 38

many brown algae (phaeophyceae) are

Back 38

large seaweeds

- their thallus often may be differentiated into a stipe, flatten blades, and a holdfast

Front 39

brown algae

Back 39

phaeophyceae

Front 40

many brown algae have a

Back 40

thallus

Front 41

term for multicellular bodies that are usually flattend and not organized into leaves, stems, and roots

Back 41

thallus (pl. thalli)

Front 42

toughtm sinewy structure rersmbling a mass of interwined roots

Back 42

holdfast

Front 43

in brown algae - stalk that consitutes the stipe is

Back 43

hollow with meristem at base or blade junctions, oldest parts of the blades are at the tips

Front 44

blades of most brown algae are

Back 44

photosynthetic and may have gas filled floats called bladders toward their bases

- may include 10% carbon monoxide

Front 45

brown algae reflects

Back 45

-fucoxnthin

- has pigments chlorophyll a and c

Front 46

color of brown algae is largely due to

Back 46

fucoxanthin

Front 47

main carbohydrate food reserve of brown algae is

Back 47

laminarin

Front 48

some brown algae produce

Back 48

algin, a useful gelatinous substance

Front 49

the reproductive cells of brown algae (phaeophyceae)

Back 49

have lateral flagella

- common rockweed, fucus, produce eggs and sperms that form zygotes in the water

Front 50

fucus

Back 50

produce eggs and sperms that form zygotes in the water

Front 51

most red algae (rhadophyta)

Back 51

represented by polysiphonia, are seaweeds with life cycles that involve three different types of thalli and nonmotile gametes

Front 52

rhadophyta

Back 52

red algae

Front 53

phaeophyceae

Back 53

brown algae

Front 54

these are seaweeds with life cycles that involve 3 different types of thalli and nonmotile gametes

Back 54

rhodophyta red algae

Front 55

in red algae meiosis occurs on a thallus called

Back 55

tetralsporophyte

- gametes are produced on a seperate male and female thalli

Front 56

polsiphonia

Back 56

feathery red alga widespread in marine waters - 3 types of thalli

- male gametophyte, female gemopyte, tetrasporophyte

- all resemble eachotehr outwardly

Front 57

spermatangia

Back 57

male sex structures in polysiphonia red algae resemble desne clusters on slim branches of male gametophyte thallus

Front 58

each spermatangium contains a single

Back 58

spermatium that funcitons as a non motile male gamete

Front 59

female sex structure s in polysiphonia are called

Back 59

carpogonia and are produced on female gametophyte thalus

- lock neck called a trichogyne

- single nucleus at base of the carpogonium fuctions as the female gamete or egg

Front 60

red and blue phycobilins are paritally responsible for the colors of

Back 60

red algae

Front 61

phycobilins

Back 61

light capturing bilanes found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of red algae, glaucophytes, and some cryptomonads

Front 62

red algae color

Back 62

red and blue phycobilins and chlorophyll d

Front 63

main carb food reserve of red algae is

Back 63

floridean starch

Front 64

some red algae produce

Back 64

agar, economically important gelatinous substance

Front 65

euglenoids (euglenophyta)

Back 65

no rigid cell wall, one funcitonal flagellum, a gullet, and paramylon as a food reserve

Front 66

food reserve of euglenoids

Back 66

paramlon

Front 67

reproduction of euglenoids is

Back 67

cell division

- sexual reproduction not been confirmed

Front 68

dinoflagellates (dinophyta) are

Back 68

unicellular organisms with 2 flagella inserted at right angles to each other

- some cause red tides that can kill fish and poison humans

- in tropical water they exhibit bioluminescence when disturbed

Front 69

these may cause red tides that can kill fish and poison humans

Back 69

dinflagellates

Front 70

when these are distrubed in tropical waters they exhibit bioluminescence

Back 70

dinoflagellates

Front 71

bioluminscence

Back 71

emission of light

Front 72

the cryptomonads (cryptophyta) are

Back 72

biflagellated, unicellular algae with two chloroplasts and an extra vestigial nucleus (nucleomorph)

Front 73

extra vestigial nucleus

Back 73

nucleomorph

- crypotomonads

Front 74

haptophytes (prymnesiophyta)

Back 74

biflagellated cells with a flagellum like haptonema that aids in the capture of food

Front 75

stoneworts (charophyta)

Back 75

branched green organsism that superficially resemble horsetails

Front 76

branched green organsism that superficially resemble horsetails

Back 76

stonewars ( charophyta )

Front 77

algae are ecologically and economically important

Back 77

true

Front 78

diatomaceous earth is used for

Back 78

filtering, polishes, insulation, and reflectorized paint

Front 79

chlorella is used for

Back 79

potential food and oxygen source

Front 80

algin is used

Back 80

as a stabilizer and thickening agent in hundreds of products

Front 81

some brown algae are a source of

Back 81

fertilizer, iodine, and food

Front 82

red algae are a source of

Back 82

agar and food and have potential medicinal value

Front 83

the plasmodial slime molds which are animal like in their vegetative state consist of

Back 83

multinucleate mass of protoplasm called a plasmodium that flows over damp sufaces ingesting food particles

Front 84

plasmodium

Back 84

flows over damp surfaces ingesting foods and is a mass of protplasm that plasmodial slime molds have

Front 85

slime molds form stationary

Back 85

sporangia that contain spores from which myxamoebae or swarm spores emerge upon germination

Front 86

myxamoebae or swarm spores funciton as

Back 86

gametes, with new plasmodia developing form the zygotes

Front 87

cellular slime molds produce

Back 87

pseudoplasmodium that crawls like a slug and can covert to a stationary, sporangiuim like mass of spores

Front 88

water mods have

Back 88

coenocytic mycelia and include organisms that cause diseases of fish and other aquatic orgnsism

Front 89

asexual reproduction of water molds involve

Back 89

zoospores

Front 90

gametes of watermolds are produced in

Back 90

oogonoia and antheridia

Front 91

water molds

Back 91

oomycetes

Front 92

found on dead insects , aquatic organisms

Back 92

water molds oomycetes

Front 93

water molds and brown algae common features

Back 93

- eggs (oogamy), cellulose in the cell walls, a predominatly diploid life cycle, and zoospores with two flagella

Front 94

oogmay

Back 94

eggs

Front 95

is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion. Also called a swarm spore

Back 95

zoospore

Front 96

is a haploid structure or organ producing and containing male gametes

Back 96

antheridia

Front 97

what forms of sexual and asexual reproduction occur in green algae

Back 97

chlorophyta- sexual is isogamous, asexual is mitosis

ulothrix- sexual is isogamous, asexual is zoospores

spirogyra- sexual is conjugation, asexual is fragmentation

oedogeonium- sexual is oogamous, asexual is zoospores produced

diatoms- sexual is fusion of gametes that form an auxospore, asexual is mitosis

Front 98

gametangia

Back 98

structres where gametes are produced are formed

- in receptacles

Front 99

brown algae- asexual fragmentation, some produce atuosporesrockweed fucus- seperate male and female thali are produced

Back 99

non green algae

Front 100

euglenoids- reprodcution is cell division, sexual reproduciton has not been confirmed

Back 100

phylum euglenophyta

Front 101

phylum rhodophyta

Back 101

red algae

Front 102

phylum dinphyta

Back 102

dinoflagellates

Front 103

phylum cryptophyta

Back 103

cryptomonads

Front 104

phylum charophyta

Back 104

stonewarts

Front 105

phylum prymnesiophyta (haptophyta)

Back 105

haptophytes

Front 106

how would you distinguish chlamydomonas from euglena

Back 106

chlamydomonas- plantae kingdom, green algae group : chlorophyceae, cell wall has cellulose, reserve food in starch, 2 vacuole, asexual repreoduciton = zoospores, aplanospores and hypnospores.

euglena- protista kingdom, euglenoids, reserve food in paramylum or paramylon, 1 vacuole, asexual reproduction = binary fusion

Front 107

spirogyra, ulothrix and oedogonium all form filament. how can you tell them apart?

Back 107

shape of their chloroplast

spirogyra = spiral, ribbon like chloroplast

ulothrix = curved plate chloroplast around the periphery

oedogonium = cylindrical, netted chloroplasts

Front 108

in the green algae studied, where in the life cycles does the choromsomes change from haploid to diploid, and vice versa?

Back 108

(chlamydomonas)- asexual reproduction brings about no changes in the number of chromosomes and all the cells remain haploid; sexual reproduction produces diploid cell that splits into 4 haploid zoospores, which grow to chlamydomona cells

(Ulothrix)- in the zygote stage is the only diploid cells in the cycle , all other cells are haploid

(spirogyra)- during sexual reproduciton becomes diploid, in meiosis cells become 4 haploid cells

(oedogonium)- during meiosis cange from diploid to 4 haploid

Front 109

plankton

Back 109

free floating microscopic organisms

Front 110

green algae store their food in the form of starch within chloroplasts with the exception of

- most green algae have a single nucleus and reproduce borth sexually and asexually

Back 110

bryopsids, which are multinucleate

Front 111

(chlamydomonas)-

Back 111

asexual reproduction brings about no changes in the number of chromosomes and all the cells remain haploid; sexual reproduction produces diploid cell that splits into 4 haploid zoospores, which grow to chlamydomona cells

Front 112

flagellated gametes are of two slighttly differnt sizes

Back 112

anisogamy sexual reproduction

Front 113

autospres

Back 113

lack the capacity to become motile and are released when the parent cell wall breaks down

Front 114

cells that have the capacity to become motile are

Back 114

aplanospores

Front 115

sexual reproduction seen in spirogyra is caleld

Back 115

conjugation

Front 116

antheridia are boxlike cells that are formed inthe filaments alongside the vegative cells , male gametes or sperms are roduced in ach antheridium

Back 116

tru

Front 117

oogonia

Back 117

cells swollen and round that contain a single female gamete or egg

Front 118

Euglena, Chlamydomonas, Amoeba, Paramecium

Back 118

all motile

Front 119

how do cells of diatoms differ from those of other organisms

Back 119

Diatoms are brown algae generally range in size from 2-200μm, and are composed of a cell wall composed primarily of silica.Diatoms are a major component of the freshwater plankton.

Front 120

diatoms can be converted to

Back 120

clean diesel fuel

Front 121

which groups of algae produce 1. agar 2. algin 3. nerve poisons 4. abrasives for polishes

Back 121

diatoms = 4.

red algae = 1.

brown algae = 2.

dinoflagelletes= 3.

Front 122

why are some green algae red and some red algae green?

Back 122

- some red algae is green because they are red due to the pigment phycoerythin, some rhodophytes have very little of this phycoerythin and appear green.

- some green algae is red because idk

Front 123

where and how is algin obtained

Back 123

algin is obtained from brown algae or kelp or digesting seaweed in alkali, and extracting algin and refining it

- ocean

Front 124

is there any difference in structure between the holdfasts of microscopic green algae and those of brown algae?

Back 124

in brown algae the holdfast is tought, sinewy structure resembling a mass of intertwined roots; in green algae it is a attachment cell

Front 125

what is unique about the cells of cryptomonads and those of haptophytes

Back 125

they are biflagellated algae

haptophytes have haptonema which is a thrid flagellum that is not true because it doesnt fnction ins propulsion, aids in the capture of food

Front 126

cyanobacteria have chlorophyll a and oxygen is produced from photosynthesis

- do not have chloroplasts

- contain phycobilins (blue pigment)

- can both fix nitrogen and produce oxygen

Back 126

distinctions between traditional bacteria and cyanobacteria

Front 127

cyanobacteria blue green bacteria live in

Back 127

fresh and marine water, not acaidic water

- principal photoysnthetic organisms is phytoplankton

various temps

often pioneer species (first living thing)

Front 128

lichen and cyanobacteria is a

Back 128

colonizer

Front 129

chloroplasts and cyanobacteria relationship

Back 129

endosymbiosis

1.thought that chloroplasts originated as cyanobacteria living within other cells

2.fossils of cyanobacteria found in australia 3.5 bil years

3. 3 billion years ago, cyanobacteria produced oxygen as byproduct of photosynthesis

4. oxygen accumulated in atmosphere, becoming substantial 1 bill years

5. oxygen accumulated, other photosynthetic organisms appeared and forms of aerobic respiration evolved

6. in last 500 mill years, enough ozone accumulated for a uv shield; photosynthetic organisms can now survive on land.

Front 130

human relevance of cyanobacteria

Back 130

abundant in bodies of fresh water in warm months (algal blooms)

- nitrogen fixation

- found in root nodules

- common in pea family

- bottom of food chains

Front 131

abundant in bodies of fresh water in warm months (algal blooms)-

Back 131

- can cause dead zones

- spirulina

- swimmers itch (lyngbya)

Front 132

eukaryotic cells size

Back 132

10-100 um

Front 133

prokaryotic cells size

Back 133

.2-10 um

Front 134

virus size

Back 134

.05-.2 um

Front 135

prokaryotic evolution

Back 135

bacteria, archaea

Front 136

prokaryotes

Back 136

unicellular, no nuclear envelope, no membrane bound organelles, have cell walls

Front 137

prokaryotes reproduce by

Back 137

finary fission

-asexual

- no sexual reproduction

-no mitosis or meiosis

Front 138

kingdom protista

Back 138

all organisms have eukaryotic cells, reproduction is generally by cell division and some sexual processes, most multi-cellular members produce some motile(moving) cells during life cycle

Front 139

kingdom protista: whos in it

Back 139

algae; single cell, colonies, filaments, fungi like orgnaisms(oomycota), single cell heterotrophs that are animal like

Front 140

kingdom protista is

Back 140

eukaryotes that are NOT

1. green land non-vascular and vascular plants

2. aquatic non-vascular and vascular plants

3. true fungus

4. true animal

Front 141

all algae algae

Back 141

photosynthetic protists

- have flattened photosynthetic blades (no true leave, stem, roots, flowers)

Front 142

accessory pigment found in algae

Back 142

water soluble, found in cytoplasm(except chlorophyls in thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast)

Front 143

accessory pigments found in algae types

Back 143

1. chlorophyll b = green

2. carotenoids = yellow/orange

3. xanthophylls = yellow/green

4. Phycoerythrin/phycobilin = red/blue (red)

Front 144

Short blue wavelengths

Back 144

penetrate the deepest into the ocean

Front 145

phylum chlorophyta

Back 145

closest relative to land plants

- chlorophyll a and b

- starch

- cellulose in cell wall

Front 146

phylum chlorophyta (green algae) NOT

Back 146

not cyanobacteria(blue-green algae)

Front 147

phylum chlorophyta

Back 147

single cell, filaments, colonies

- found in freshwater or marine environments, bark of trees, rocks, hair and back of animals (sloths and turtles)

- found in symbiotic relationships, including lichens, sea anemones

Front 148

phylum chromophyta

Back 148

brown algae (chrysophyceae)

- mostly single celled or colonial

- chlorophyll a and c and fucoxanthin

- occur in plankton of bodies of fresh water

Front 149

pigments of phylum chromophyta

Back 149

chlorophyll a and c and fucoxanthin(brown)

Front 150

phylum chromophyta family diatoms

Back 150

diatoms

- pigments: chlorophyll a and c

- silica in the cell wall

- best known and economically importnat members of this phylum

- mostly unicellular

- abundant in colder marine habitats

Front 151

foam is

Back 151

diatom oil mixed up by waves

Front 152

diatoms, abundant phytoplankton producing up to __% of worlds oxygen

Back 152

35

Front 153

phylum chromophyta : brown algae (phaeophyceae)

Back 153

- large, recently added to chromophyta

- most are marine organisms

- all are multicellular( none unicellular)

- thallus differentiated into holdfast, a stipe, and blades

- blades may have gas filled bladders ( maintains bouancy)

-fucus ( common rockweed )

Front 154

thallus

Back 154

flattened body

Front 155

holdfast

Back 155

attaches to rocks

Front 156

stipe is what holds blades

Back 156

upwards

Front 157

giant kelp can grow to

Back 157

150 feet long at a rate of 2 feet a day

Front 158

phylum rhodophyta

Back 158

red algae

- chlorophylls a,d, and phycobolins

- most species are called seaweed

- tend to occur in warmer and deeper waters than brown algae

- most are filamentous, so tightly packed that they resemble blades; a few crustose

- complex life cycle involving three types of thallus structures

- some produce agar

Front 159

red algae members

Back 159

nori, coralline algae(secretes calcium carbonate)

Front 160

human significance of algae - diatoms

Back 160

oils are sources of vitamins

- diatomaceous earth ( scooped off bottom of ocean floor )

- filtration

- polishes

- reflectorized paint)

Front 161

human significance of algae - algin

Back 161

- from brown algae cell walls

- produced by giant kelp

- thickener

- ice cream, salad dressing, latex paint, textiles, ceramincs, waterproofing

Front 162

human significance of algae - agar

Back 162

Agar (from red algae cell walls)

– Produced by red alga Gelidium

• Solidifier of nutrient culture media for growth of bacteria