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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the 2 types of Gonads and what are the structure and function
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Ovaries, Testes
Structure: |
Function: To produce gametes and sex hormones
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What are the gametes and hormones produced by men and women?
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Men: Sperm and testosterone
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Women: Ova / Estrogen + progesterone
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What are the two accessory structures of the reproductive system and their function?
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Glands
Tubes/Ducts |
Function: Support, nourish, and transport
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What is the only external genitalia?
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The copulatory organ called the penis
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Why are testes housed in scrotum?
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It is located outside body enabling it to regulate temperature
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What is the Descent of the Testes, and what are ramifications if they do not descend?
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The lowering of the testes during puberty
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They will not produce viable sperm
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What is the only fat layer that the penis is missing, and that is normal throughout the body?
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Adipose Tissue (Hypodermis)
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Describe the organization of the testes vs the ovaries?
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The testes are highly organized internally. They contain many compartments with highly coiled tubules within.
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The ovaries do not have an organized structure like the testes. Ovaries filled with thousands of follicles.
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What is the outer layer of the testes and what kind of tissue is it?
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Tunica Albuginea
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Tough connective tissue
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What is the term describing the compartments of the testes?
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Lobules
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What separates the compartments of the testes?
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Septum
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What are contained within the compartments of the testes and where do sperm leave.
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Highly Coiled Seminiferous Tubules
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Straight end of seminiferous tubules (uncoiled) is called the rete testis where gametes leave the testes.
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What types of cells are contained within seminiferous tubules and where are they most developed?
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Gametes, which are most abundant of the two cells. They are developed at luminal surface and pushed out of tubules (not motile).
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Sertouli cells never become gametes, but are necessary for gamete formation. They are supportive cells
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What part of the seminiferous tubules allows for transport?
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the Lumen
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What are the cells called located between seminiferous tubules and what is there function?
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Interstitial cells of leydig
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They function to produce testosterone
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What is the structure and function of the Epididymis and where is it located?
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Highly coiled tube located on top of testes
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Function:
Stores sperm for ejaculation. Allows Sperm to go through process to gain motility |
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Why are sperm not motile before leaving epididymis?
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It is an unnecessary use of energy.
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What is the structure and function of the vas deferens?
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Structure: Straight tube that leads from the epidiymis to the seminal vesicles
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Function: transporting sperm
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What is the structure of the Ejaculatory Duct?
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It connects the urethra with the seminal vesicles
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What are the structure and function of the seminal vesicles?
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Structure: Paired glands, one on each side
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Function: produces yellowish secretion called fructose (providing energy to sperm)
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What are the 3 male reproductive glands?
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Seminal vesicles, Prostate, Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral
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What is the location and function of the prostate gland?
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Lies underneath urinary bladder
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Secretes milky secretion to reduce acidity of sperm environment.
The fluid enters the urethra directly |
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What is the function of the cowpers gland and the scientific name for it?
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Function:
Produces mucousy fluid to lubricate tip of penis. Helps reduce acidity in vaginal tract |
AKA Bulbourethral Gland
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What is function of urethra in male and female and how are they different.
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In male, transports semen and urine
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In female, only transports urine
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What are the 3 fluids comprising semen and which is most abundant?
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Seminal Fluid, Prostate Fluid, and Cowper's Fluid
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60% of fluid comes from seminal vesicles
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What is the type of tissue comprising the penis and what is another common name for it?
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Made of cavernous tissue
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Also called erectile tissue
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What is the location of the ovaries and how are they supported?
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Located in pelvic cavity (inside body).
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Suspended by ligaments
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What is name of outer layer of ovaries and why doesn't it need to be tough?
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Germinal Epithelium
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Ovaries are protected by muscle and bone.
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What are the hundreds of thousands of follicles within the ovaries called?
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Follicle cells, which produce primary oocyte.
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What is the structure of the primary follicles, and what is contained within?
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Has single layer of follicles on outside.
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Has single oocyte in center during 1st stage of gametogenesis. Thousands of these oocytes exist pre-puberty.
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What is the function of the primary follicles and why is it not an oocyte?
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Produce female hormones progesterone and estrogen.
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Not called oocyte because sperm enters at secondary oocyte
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What are the 3 parts that make up the fallopian tubes (oviduct)?
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Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus
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What is the location and structure of Infundibulum and its function?
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Located closest to ovary.
Funnel shaped structure. Has finger-like projections called fimbrae. Is intimately connected to ovaries Has ciliated mucous membrane that captures oocyte. |
Function: catch oocyte when it is spewed from ovaries
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What is the function of fimbrae?
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Fimbrae are loose and create current that captures oocyte when released.
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What part of the fallopian tube is the normal site of fertilization?
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Ampulla
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important that fertilization occurs here because it usually takes 14 days post fertilization for the fertilized egg to move to uterus. It develops during that time and has extra embryonic structure inside that are also making changes. These extra parts release enzyme that’s function is to eat away at the uterus. This is implantation.
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What is an ectopic pregnancy?
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When fertilization and implantation occur abnormally in fallopian tube.
More generally it means out of the ordinary. |
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What is the part of the fallopian tube located furthest from ovaries, its structure and function?
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Isthmus
Structure: Connection between fallopian tubes and uterus. |
Function: to connect tube to uterus.
If fertilization occurs here, implantations will not occur because egg won't stick. What folllows is called spontaneous abortion |
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What is placenta previa? Causative reasons?
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When fertilization occurs at end of fallopian tube, but implants near base of uterus (at cervix)
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Gravity's pull makes it difficult for egg to stay implanted. This is also ectopic pregnancy
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What is an abdominal pregnancy?
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When fertilization occurs in pelvic cavity
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What is the shape and 3 structures of Uterus?
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It is pear-shaped single organ containing 3 regions.
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3 regions are fundus, body, and cervix
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What is the function of the uterus?
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Helps form placenta and houses developing embryo
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What is the fundus of the uterus?
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Where the fallopian tubes enter the uterus
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What is the body of the uterus and where in relation should fertilization occur?
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This is bulk of uterus
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Fertilization should occur normally at top of the body.
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What is the cervix?
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End of uterus where it narrows
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What are the 3 layers of the Wall of the Uterus?
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Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium
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What is the structure and function of Endometrium?
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Inner layer of uterus wall.
Made of epithelial tissue. |
Epithelial tissue involved in placental formation.
Fetus develops here. Layer is shed monthly (menses) |
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What is the structure and function of the myometrium?
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Middle layer of uterus wall.
Made of smooth muscle. Thickest layer and forms bulk of uterus wall. |
Muscle responsible for labor and delivery.
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What is the structure and function of the Perimetrium?
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Outer layer of uterus wall.
Made of connective tissue |
Helps anchor uterus to other structures of pelvic cavity.
Anchors blood and nerves to uterus. |
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What is structure and function of vagina?
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Structure:
Short internal muscular tube. Opens to vulva/pudendum |
Function:
Birth canal. Accepts erect penis |
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What is the portion of the vagina that extends up and surrounds cervix?
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Fornix
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What are the two openings of the vulva/pudendum?
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Vaginal opening and urethral opening
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What is special about the urethral opening?
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Urethra no part of female reproductive tract.
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Functions only for urinary system
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When does Tubal Pregnancy occur?
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Occurs when pregnancy happens at wrong location and embryo becomes implanted in wall of tube.
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What are the gametes of the male and female?
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Ovum and Sperm
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What is a zygote?
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A diploid fertilized egg
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Sexual vs Asexual reproduction?
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Sexual involves 2 parents
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A sexual involves only one parent.
Produces clone genetically identical. Diploid cells producing more diploid cells |
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What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction?
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Budding
Fission Gemmules Fragmentation Parthenogenesis |
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What is Budding? What kind of organism is known for using budding?
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outgrowth of existing individual
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Invertebrates primarily use budding
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What is fission?
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Separates into 2 of same size
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What is gemmules?
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Diploid cells in parent are released into environment
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What is fragmentation?
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Parent divides into pieces and uses parts w/ mitosis to regenerate
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What is parthenogenesis?
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New individual from unfertilized egg.
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Haploid cells are born sterile
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Advantages & Disadvantages of Asexual reproduction?
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Advantages: easier, more prolific in nature. Faster, and good genes are replicated.
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Disadvantages: Clones is both an advantage and disadvantage.
Adaptability to changing environment is questionable. |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual reproduction?
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Advantages: Diversity. Mutant genes could be recessive. Variability. Adaptation. Deleterious genes may be hidden.
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Disadvantage: have to find partner
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Hermaphroditism and example of organism
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Individuals with both male and female gonads.
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I.e. earthworms
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Requirements for external fertilization and characteristics?
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Outside the body.
Environment must be aqueaous. When environment is large, more eggs are released to increase chances of fertilization. |
Critical timing involved.
Environmental queues. Chemical attractance released by egg. Behavioral interaction. Shedding of gametes occur here. |
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What are the 3 types of internal fertilization?
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Oviparous
Viviparous Ovoviviparous |
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What is oviparous development and example organism?
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Egg laying animals whose egg develops externally.
With Internal, egg and sperm fertilize internall, then deposited egg in environment to develop. With External. Egg deposited in environment, then fertilized by sperm. |
Birds, Frogs
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What is viviparous development and example organism?
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In placental mammals with internal fertilization and internal development.
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Some fish and birds
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What is ovoviviparous development and example organism?
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Internal fertilization.
Zygote develop in female. By birth, egg shell is weak. Egg hatched inside body. |
Reptiles
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What are some characteristics of internal fertilization?
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Include pheromones (hormone-like and causes attraction)
Internal fertilization requires behavioral interaction and copulatory organ. There are typically fewer eggs with internal fertilization. |
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Reproductive cycles are often related to what?
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Environmental Queues and hormones
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Estrous vs Menstrual?
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Estrous- when egg not fertilized, it is reabsorbed.
Female is only receptive during estrous |
Menstrual- in mammals you get bleeding when egg not fertilized
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What are 3 parts of fallopian tubes? Their location in relation to ovaries?
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Infandibulum (closest to ovary)
Ampulla (in the middle) Isthmus (Farthest from ovary) |
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Infandibulum (1 of 3 parts of fallopian tube). Structure and Function?
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Closest to ovary.
Funnel shaped Has finger-like projections called fimbriae. |
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Isthmus (1 of 3 parts of fallopian tube). Structure and Function?
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Connection between fallopian tubes and uterus
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Functions to connect tube to uterus
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Location of Fimbriae and Function?
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Location is the infadibulum and connected to ovaries
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Creates current that captures oocyte
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3 Parts of uterus
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Fundus, Body, and Cervix
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What is ampulla (1 of 3 parts of fallopian tube)?
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Normal site of fertilization
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