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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does muscle tissue contribute to homeostasis?
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A, and B are correct
* by generation heat that helps maintain body temperature * by moving materials through the body * by pushing on bones to move the body |
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The ability to respond to stimuli by producing action potentials...
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A and B are correct
* is called electrical excitability * is a property of muscle tissue |
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Which of the following is NOT true?
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Several nerves accompany each artery that penetrates a muscle cell
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The sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle tissue...
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stores Ca2+ ions required for muscle contractions
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Which of the following does NOT happen during a muscle contraction?
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The thick and thin filaments shorten
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A contraction cycle...
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A and B are correct
* cannot begin until Ca2+ has bound to troponin * cannot begin until the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed. |
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Place the event of a contraction cycle in the order in which they occur:
1. ATP hydrolysis 2. detachment of myosin head from actin 3. power stroke 4. Crossbridge information |
1, 4, 3, 2
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How is excitation of the sarcolemma coupled to the contraction of a muscle fiber?
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Excitation causes synthesis of more calsequestrin, thus allowing more Ca2+ to be stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Under which condition can muscle fibers generate the most tension?
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when fibers have an overlap of think and thin filaments that is close to their resting length
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Place the events at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in the order in which they occur:
1. release of acetylcholine (ACh) 2. activation of ACh receptors on motor endplate 3. termination of ACh activity by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) 4.arrival of an action potential at the synaptic end bulb 5. diffusion of ACh across the synaptic cleft 6. opening of Na+ channels in the motor endplate 7. production of muscle fiber action potential |
4, 1, 5, 2, 6, 7, 3
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Which of the following acts on the NMJ to block stimulation of muscle contraction?
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A and B are correct
* botulinum toxin * curare |
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How do muscle fibers produce ATP?
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A, B, and C are correct
* from creatine phosphate * through anaerobic cellular respiration * through aerobic cellular respiration |
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Anaerobic cellular respiration...
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A and B are correct
* coverts glucose to pyruvic acid and ultimately to lactic acid * can produce energy for 30-40 seconds of contractions |
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Aerobic cellular respiration...
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All of these are correct
* converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into CO2, H2O, heat and ATP * occurs in the mitochondria * requires O2, which can be obtained from hemoglobin or myoglobin * is required for muscle activities lasting longer than one minute. |
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Each of the following contributes to muscle fatigue Except:
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presence of adequate amounts of O2 in the mitochondria.
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Recovery oxygen uptake...
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is the amount of O2 required by the body to recuperate from exercise
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Wave summation in a muscle fiber...
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A, B, and C are correct
* occurs when additional stimuli arrive before the fiber has relaxed after the initial stimulus * usually result in subsequent contractions that are stronger than the 1st *may result in muscle fiber tetany |
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Muscle Tone...
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results from involuntary contractions of alternating small groups of motor units
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Slow oxidative muscle fibers...
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resist fatigue and contain large amounts of myoglobin
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Consider the muscles of a catcher for a professional baseball team. the player must be able to squat for one to three minutes at a time, but also must be able to suddenly stand and forcefully throw a ball to any of the three bases of the infield. which of the following must be true of the training regimen for a catcher?
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A and B are correct
* exercises that increase size, strength and glycogen content of fast glycolytic fibers will help the catcher have the strength to throw the ball to the bases. * exercises that increase the size, strength and myoglobin content of slow oxidative fibers will help the catcher maintain the squatting position for longer periods of time |
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Cardiac muscle tissue...
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All of the above are correct
* is autorhythmic * contains branched cells that are connected by intercalated discs *obtains Ca2+ required for contraction from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and interstitial fluid *maintains contractions for longer periods of time than skeletal muscle tissue |
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Smooth muscle tissue...
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A and B are correct
* may be stimulated to contract by hormones * has briefer contractions than skeletal muscle tissue |
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Third class levers are very common in the human body...
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however; they sacrifice strength for increased range of motion
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The body has many pinnate muscles...
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however; they sacrifice range of motion for increased strength
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The nervous system...
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All of these are correct
* works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis * communicates with the body via action potentials * is responsible for thoughts and behaviors * initiates voluntary movements |
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Most of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are ___ neurons.
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Multipolar
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Which of the following statements is correct?
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Neurons exhibit differences in electrical voltage across their plasma membranes.
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When ions move across the plasma membrane,
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They create a flow of electrical current that can disturb the resting membrane potential
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Which of the following is NOT true of ion channels?
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Leakage channels make the plasma membrane more permeable to Na+ than to K+
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Which of the following contributes to the maintenance of a resting membrane potential?
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Lower plasma membrane permeability to Na+ than K+
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Graded Potentials...
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arise when ion movement causes a minor change in the resting membrane potential
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Which of the following is True of nerve impulse conduction?
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Continuous conduction is slower than salutatory conduction.
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Place the events involved in generating an action potential in the order in which they occur:
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6, 2, 4, 8, 1, 3, 5, 7
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An instructor helps a student clean up the pieces of a broken beaker. As they search for glass fragments under the lab bench, the instructor inhales sharply and says, "I just found the piece of glass with my knee." How could the instructor determine that her knee was in contact with broken glass rather than with the floor?
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A and B are correct
* the broken glass generated more frequent action potentials than the pressure of the floor * more action potentials in more neurons were activated by the pressure of the glass |
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Electrical Synapses...
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A, B, and C are correct
* occur when there is direct contact between electrically excitable cells * allow rapid communication between cells *allow synchronization of cellular activities |
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At a chemical synapse,
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The presynaptic neuron converts an electrical signal into a chemical signal
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Place the events at a chemical synapse in the order in which they occur:
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1, 2, 5, 4, 3
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Which of the following is NOT true?
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infomation transfer at a chemical synapse is bi-directional
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Two neurotransmitters, epinephrine (E) and serotonin (5-HT), are known to be important in regulation of mood. inadequate stimulation of postsynaptic neurons by these neurotransmitters result in depression. Which of the following medications is most likely to increase availability of one of these neurotransmitters and be helpful in treating depression?
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A, B and C are correct
* an inhibitor that prevents an enzyme from breaking down epinephrine *an agent that prevents serotonin from being absorbed by neuroglia *E or 5-HT analogs that have the same effecs but move away from the synapse slowly |
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Summation
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is the integration of input to a neuron.
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Acetylcholine...
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All of these are correct
*is released from some CNS neurons and most PNS neurons * is excitatory at skeletal muscle motor end plates * is inhibitory where the vagus (X) nerve synapse with cardiac fibers *is removed from synapes by the enzyme, acetylcholinesterase |
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A tumor is growing in the left lateral horns of several segments of a patient's spinal cord. How might these tumors afect the patients?
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The patients may have simple difficutly regulating cardiac and smooth muscle contractions
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The spinal nerves...
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Have posterior sensory roots
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A patient is transported to the emergency room after being stabbed in the back several times with a broken ice pick. the attacker was apparently aiming for the spinal cord, but was not successful in penetratinfg the vertebrae. The physician is most worried about one wound; he mutters something about the rami communicantes. Why would the physician be concerned about damage there?
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The rami communicantes are part of the ANS, which controls vital functions.
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Which spinal nerves go directly to the tissues they supply rather than forming a plexus?
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T2 through T12
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Which of the following is true of a dermatome?
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A, B, and C are correct
* It is a band of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves * it may overlap with another dermatome * if it is stimulated but the sensation is not percieved, the nerves supplying it are damaged |
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How does the spinal cord function in maintaining homeostasis?
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A, B, and C are correct
* Nuclei in spinal cord gray matter recieve and integrate incoming and outgoing information * ascending tracts in white matter propagate sensory impulses toward the brain *Descending tracts in white mater propagate motor impulses toward effectors |
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Mark, goes to visit his freind, Frank who is home on leave from the war. Frank doesn't hear Mark call out to him because he is wearing headphones and listening to music. When Mark walks up behind Frank and taps him on the shoulder, he soon finds himself on the ground with one of Frank's hands around his neck and the other in a fist rapidly approaching his nose. Frank's reaction is an example of a(n)...
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Aquired reflex
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Place the events that in a stretch reflex in the order i n which they occur:
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5, 2, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8
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When an EKG or EEG is performed the attached electrodes detect what physiological activity within the cells of the body?
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The flux of ions across the plasma membrane
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A man gently strokes the lateral sole of his wife's foot, and her toes curl toward the sole. He strokes his six month old baby's foot, and the baby's big toe flexes up toward his tibia. Should the man be concerned about the health of either his wife or his child?
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No, they are both exhibiting normal Babinski signs for their ages
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
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Storage of urine
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Which of the follwoing is correct?
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A, B, and C are correct
* loss 10% of a person's kidney function may not result in clinically abservable effects *as a person grows, the number of nephrons in his or her kidney stays constant * if one kidney is removed, the other nephrons in the other kidney will hypertrophy |
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The rate of urinary excretion of any solute is equal to...
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its rate of glomerular filtration, plus its rate of secretion, minus its rate of reabsorption.
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Which pressure opposes glomerular filtration?
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A and B are correct
* capsular hydrostatic pressure * blood colloidal osmotic pressure |
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an individual has a glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure of 60mmhg, a capsular hydrostatic pressure of 18mmhg, and a blood colloidal osmotic pressure of 32mmhg. What is the individual's net filtration pressure?
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60mmhg-18mmhg-32mmhg=10mmhg
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Which of the following combinations would be expected to increase GFR?
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decreased angiotensin II levels with increased ANP levels
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The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)...
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uses Na+ symporters to reabsorb glucose ans amino acids
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Which of the listed hormones directly impacts water reabsorption but not Na+ reabsorption?
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ADH
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A very busy nurse working at the end of his third 12 hours shift in a row made two bad mistakes with the same patient. First, he forgot to double-check the label on I.V. solution he was hanging to make sure it matched the order for the patient. Then he forgot to check the setting on the I.V. pump. The patient received a liter of hypertonic fluid in less than 15minutes instead of receiving the same volume of the ordered isotonic fluid in 2 hours. How will the patient's body attempt to compensate for the nurse's mistakes?
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The patient will secrete more ANP so that more Na+ and water can be secreted into the urine.
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Factors that create the osmotic gradient that enables ADH to cause formation of concentrated urine include:
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All of these are correct
* differences in solute permeability and reabsorption in different parts of the long LOHs * differences in water permeability and reabsorption in different parts of the long LOHs * differences in solute and water permeability and reabsorption in the collecting duct *countercurrent flow in the LOHs |
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Normal Constituents of urine include all of the following EXCEPT:
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Protein
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Body fluids
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A, B, and C are correct
* consist of water and dissolved solutes * constitutes over 50% of the mass of a lean adult * are described as intracellular or extracellular based on their location |
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Which person listed would have the largest percentage of water in his or her body?
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an infant
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Which of the following lists body sites in order of increasing water loss?
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GI tract, lungs, skin, kidneys
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Taking a dare, a student drank 4 L (over a gallon) of water in less than 10 minutes. How sill the student's body compensate for this increased fluid volume?
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All of these are correct
* renin secretion will be inhibited * angiotensin II and aldosterone levels will fall *ADH levels will fall * the kidneys will produce large amounts of dilute urine quickly |
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Plasma contains...
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more protein anions than interstitial fluid but fewer protein anions than intracellular fluid
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Each of the following electrolytes is found in higher concentrations in intracellular fluid than in extracellular fluid EXCEPT:
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Cl-
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Calcium ions (Ca2+)
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are important in blood clotting and neurotransmitter release
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Phosphate ions
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All of these are correct
* occur mostly as HPO4 2- at physiological pH * are regulated primarily by PTH * are important parts of key biological molecules such as DNA, RNA, and ATP * are important buffers |
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Each of the following is characterized by mental confusion EXCEPT:
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Hypochloremia
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The normal pH range for arterial blood is
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7.35-7.45
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Which control mechanism increases body fluid pH but does not remove acid from the body?
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buffer system
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How do proteins function as buffers?
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A and B are correct
* by releasing H+ from their terminal carboxyl groups when pH rises * by absorbing H+ on to their terminal amino groups when pH falls |
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In the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system,
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All of these are correct
* HCO3- acts as a weak base * HCO3- can bind excess H+ present, producing H2CO3 * H2CO3 is converted to water and CO2 * CO2 is removed by the lungs |
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When dihydrogen phosphate ion acts as a weak acid and buffers OH-, the products are
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H2O and HPO4 2-
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Which mechanism allows the kidney to excrete urine that is a thousand times more acidic than plasma?
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apical proton pumps in the intercalated cells of the collecting duct
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Acidosis
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refers to an arterial blood pH less than 7.35
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Which of the following is considered within normal limits (WNL) for arterial blood?
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All of these are correct
* pH 7.35-7.45 * Pco2 35-45mmhg * HCO3- 22-26 mEq/L *HCO3-; H2CO3 20:1 |
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Each of the following conditions is associated with respiratory acidosis EXCEPT:
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Hyperventilation
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Respiratory Alkalosis
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occurs when the arterial Pco2 falls below 35mmhg
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Sertoli (sustentacular) cells do all of the following EXCEPT:
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mediate the effects of testosterone and LH
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Which of the following cells develops first?
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Spermatogonium
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Sperm production
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All of these are correct
* takes over two months to complete * yields about 300 million sperm per day * occurs in response to FSH * yields cells that a head capped by an acrosome, a middle piece full of mitochondria, and a tail |
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Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone do each of the following EXCEPT:
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bind to the different receptors
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Seminal vesicles
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produce a fluid containing fructose, which is used for ATP production by sperm
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The prostate gland
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produces a fluid containing citric acid, which is used for ATP production
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The bulbourethral glands
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secrete an alkaline mucous
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Which of the following is NOT true of semen?
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it protects sperm from the hostile alkaline environment of the male urethra and female vagina
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Erection
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All of these are correct
* is a parasympathetic response * depends upon dilation of arterioles by nitric oxide * of the corpora cavernosa that persists and is painful is called priapism * is usually followed by sympathetic responses of emission and ejaculation |
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Which of the following is NOT true of the ovaries?
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They produce FSH and LH
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Oogenesis
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is completed only after the secondary oocyte has been fertilized
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Cervical mucus
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can physically prevent sperm from entering the uterus
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The mammary glands
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produce milk
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The female reproductive cycle
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All of these are correct
* includes the ovarian cycle * includes the uterine cycle * includes changes in the breast and cervix associated with the ovarian and uterine cycles * includes the hormonal changes that accompany the ovarian and uterine cycles |
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GnRH
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stimulates production and release of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland
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Estrogens
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promotes the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures
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The preovulatory phase
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is the time when one dominant follicle becomes the mature (Graafian) follicle.
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The corpus luteum
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produces estrogens and progesterone
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Amenorrhea is associated with each of the following EXCEPT:
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increased body fat
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