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89 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is matter?
the "stuff" of the universe (anything that has mass and takes up space)
What are the states of matter?
solid, liquid, gas
What is matter made up of?
atoms
What is an atom?
the smallest stable units of matter
What type of charge does a proton have?
positive charge
What type of charge does a neutron have?
neutral charge
What type of charge does an electron have?
negative charge
What forms the nucleus?
protons and neutrons
What is an electron cloud?
electrons that travel around nucleus at a high speed
What are elements?
pure substance composed of atoms of only 1 kind
What are elements determined by?
their atomic number
What identifies an element?
the number of protons
Define atomic weight
actual mass of an atom (expressed in daltons)
What is one dalton?
the weight of a single proton or a single neutron
Define mole
element's atomic weight in grams or a compound's molecular weight (sum of atomic weights) in grams
What is the formula for Avogadro's number?
6.02 x 10²³
One mole contains ________
same number of particles
Define molecules
2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Define compounds
2 or more different types of atoms chemically bonded
What are the three types of chemical bonds?
ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds
Define valence shell
outermost energy level containing chemically active electrons
Define the Octet rule
except for the first shell which is full with 2 electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have 8 electrons in their valence shell
What is an ionic bond?
attraction between cations and anions
Define ions
charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of electrons
Define an anion
gained one or more electrons = negative charge (e.g. Cl-)
Define a cation
lost one or more electrons = positive charge (e.g. Na+)
Ionic bonds form between atoms by the _____ of electrons
Ionic bonds form between atoms by the transfer of electrons
Ionic compounds form _____ instead of _____
Ionic compounds form "crystals" (dry state) instead of individual molecules
When placed in water, ionic compounds _____ and the component anions and cations _____.
When placed in water, ionic compounds dissolve and the component anions and cations separate.
Define covalent bonds
strong electron bonds
Covalent bonds are formed by the _____ of two or more electrons.
Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of two or more electrons.
Define nonpolar molecules
electrons shared equally between atoms
-shared electrons spend the same time around each nucleus
Define polar molecules
electrons shared unequally
-shared electrons spend more time orbiting one nucleus vs. the other
Define electronegative
atoms that "attract" more e- to orbit around their nucleus
Define electropostive
atoms that have low e- attraction
Atoms with six or seven valence shell electrons are _____.
electronegative
Atoms with one or two valence shell electrons are _____.
electropositive
What is an example of an ionic bond?
a
What is an example of a polar covalent bond?
H - O - H
(water)
What is an example of a non polar covalent bond?
O = C = O
(carbon dioxide)
What are hydrogen bonds?
weak forces between atoms of adjacent water molecules
Define metabolism
all chemical reactions under way in cells and tissues at any given time
What is an example of a decomposition reaction (catabolism)?
AB → A + B
What is an example of a synthesis reaction (anabolism)?
A + B → AB
What is an example of a exchange reaction (reversible)?
AB ⇋ A + B
Define hydrolysis
catabolic reactions involving water
-complex molecule is broken down and components of water molecule (H and OH are added to the resulting fragments)
Define dehydration synthesis (condensation)
anabolic reactions involving water
-formation of a complex molecule by the removal of water
Define energy
the power to do work
Define work
a change in mass or distance
What are the forms of energy?
kinetic energy, potential energy, and chemical energy
What is kinetic energy?
energy of motion
What is potential energy?
stored energy
What is chemical energy?
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
What is an inorganic compound?
generally don't contain carbon and hydrogen as primary structural components
What are some examples of inorganic compounds in the body?
water, salts, inorganic acids and bases, CO₂ and O₂
What is an organic compound?
carbon and hydrogen are primary structural components, covalently bonded and large
What are the four main classes of organic compounds in the body?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What is solubility?
water's ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution ("universal solvent")
What is a chemical reactivity?
most body chemistry uses or occurs in water
Catabolic reactions ___ bonds
Catabolic reactions break bonds (catabolic reaction)
Anabolic reactions _____ bonds
Anabolic reactions form bonds (dehydration synthesis)
What is high heat capacity?
water's ability to absorb and release heat
What is lubrication?
moisten and reduce friction
Chemical reactions in our body depend on _____
Chemical reactions in our body depend on water
H₂O molecules form _____ around ions and small polar molecules to keep them in solution
H₂O molecules form hydration spheres around ions and small polar molecules to keep them in solution
What is a hydrophilic compound?
"react with water" (water loving)
-organic molecules with polar covalent bonds → also attract water
-hydration spheres form... and carry these molecules into solution
What is a hydrophobic compound?
"do not react with water" (water fearing)
-organic molecules lacking polar covalent bonds (nonpolar)
-no hydration spheres formed... molecules don't dissolve
_____ molecules are electrically attracted to polar H₂O molecules (they can interact with & thus dissolve in H₂O) → hydrophilic (water loving)
Polar molecules are electrically attracted to polar H₂O molecules (they can interact with & thus dissolve in H₂O) → hydrophilic (water loving)
_____ molecules cannot enter into a "charge interaction" with H₂O & therefore cannot dissolve in it → hydrophobic
Nonpolar molecules cannot enter into a "charge interaction" with H₂O & therefore cannot dissolve in it → hydrophobic
_____ molecules cannot dissolve in lipids or permeate phospholipid bilayer → lipophobic
Polar
_____ molecules dissolve in lipids and can permeate phospholipid bilayer → lipophilic
Nonpolar
Hydrophobic molecules are "water fearing" and therefore cannot dissolve in water
True
Lipophilic molecules can dissolve in water
False
Nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic
True
Polar molecules are lipophilic
False
Water is a non polar molecule
False
Polar molecules can dissolve in water
True
What is a salt?
ionic compound with cations other than H- & anions other than OH-
All ions are _____.
electrolytes
What is an electrolyte?
substances that conduct an electrical signal current in solution
Using the pH values
"saves space"
What is an acid?
solute that dissociated in solution and releases H+ (proton donors) → pH lower than 7.0
What is a base?
solute that removes H+ from solution (proton acceptors) → pH higher than 7.0
What is pH?
the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
What is acidosis?
excess H+ in body fluid (low pH)
-damages cells and tissues
-alters proteins
-interferes with normal physiological functions
What is alkalosis?
excess OH- in body fluid (high pH)
-also causes problems but rarely
What is a buffer?
mixture of molecules that minimize changes in [H+], stabilizes pH physiological buffers: bicarbonate, phosphate, proteins
When pH is high -->
H+ ions are released to lower pH
When pH is low -->
H+ ions are bound to raise pH