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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is matter?
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the "stuff" of the universe (anything that has mass and takes up space)
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What are the states of matter?
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solid, liquid, gas
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What is matter made up of?
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atoms
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What is an atom?
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the smallest stable units of matter
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What type of charge does a proton have?
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positive charge
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What type of charge does a neutron have?
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neutral charge
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What type of charge does an electron have?
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negative charge
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What forms the nucleus?
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protons and neutrons
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What is an electron cloud?
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electrons that travel around nucleus at a high speed
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What are elements?
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pure substance composed of atoms of only 1 kind
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What are elements determined by?
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their atomic number
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What identifies an element?
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the number of protons
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Define atomic weight
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actual mass of an atom (expressed in daltons)
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What is one dalton?
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the weight of a single proton or a single neutron
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Define mole
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element's atomic weight in grams or a compound's molecular weight (sum of atomic weights) in grams
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What is the formula for Avogadro's number?
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6.02 x 10²³
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One mole contains ________
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same number of particles
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Define molecules
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2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
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Define compounds
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2 or more different types of atoms chemically bonded
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What are the three types of chemical bonds?
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ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds
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Define valence shell
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outermost energy level containing chemically active electrons
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Define the Octet rule
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except for the first shell which is full with 2 electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have 8 electrons in their valence shell
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What is an ionic bond?
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attraction between cations and anions
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Define ions
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charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of electrons
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Define an anion
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gained one or more electrons = negative charge (e.g. Cl-)
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Define a cation
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lost one or more electrons = positive charge (e.g. Na+)
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Ionic bonds form between atoms by the _____ of electrons
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Ionic bonds form between atoms by the transfer of electrons
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Ionic compounds form _____ instead of _____
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Ionic compounds form "crystals" (dry state) instead of individual molecules
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When placed in water, ionic compounds _____ and the component anions and cations _____.
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When placed in water, ionic compounds dissolve and the component anions and cations separate.
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Define covalent bonds
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strong electron bonds
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Covalent bonds are formed by the _____ of two or more electrons.
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Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of two or more electrons.
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Define nonpolar molecules
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electrons shared equally between atoms
-shared electrons spend the same time around each nucleus |
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Define polar molecules
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electrons shared unequally
-shared electrons spend more time orbiting one nucleus vs. the other |
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Define electronegative
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atoms that "attract" more e- to orbit around their nucleus
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Define electropostive
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atoms that have low e- attraction
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Atoms with six or seven valence shell electrons are _____.
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electronegative
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Atoms with one or two valence shell electrons are _____.
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electropositive
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What is an example of an ionic bond?
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a
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What is an example of a polar covalent bond?
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H - O - H
(water) |
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What is an example of a non polar covalent bond?
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O = C = O
(carbon dioxide) |
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What are hydrogen bonds?
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weak forces between atoms of adjacent water molecules
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Define metabolism
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all chemical reactions under way in cells and tissues at any given time
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What is an example of a decomposition reaction (catabolism)?
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AB → A + B
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What is an example of a synthesis reaction (anabolism)?
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A + B → AB
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What is an example of a exchange reaction (reversible)?
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AB ⇋ A + B
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Define hydrolysis
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catabolic reactions involving water
-complex molecule is broken down and components of water molecule (H and OH are added to the resulting fragments) |
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Define dehydration synthesis (condensation)
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anabolic reactions involving water
-formation of a complex molecule by the removal of water |
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Define energy
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the power to do work
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Define work
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a change in mass or distance
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What are the forms of energy?
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kinetic energy, potential energy, and chemical energy
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What is kinetic energy?
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energy of motion
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What is potential energy?
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stored energy
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What is chemical energy?
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potential energy stored in chemical bonds
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What is an inorganic compound?
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generally don't contain carbon and hydrogen as primary structural components
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What are some examples of inorganic compounds in the body?
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water, salts, inorganic acids and bases, CO₂ and O₂
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What is an organic compound?
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carbon and hydrogen are primary structural components, covalently bonded and large
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What are the four main classes of organic compounds in the body?
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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What is solubility?
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water's ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to make a solution ("universal solvent")
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What is a chemical reactivity?
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most body chemistry uses or occurs in water
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Catabolic reactions ___ bonds
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Catabolic reactions break bonds (catabolic reaction)
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Anabolic reactions _____ bonds
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Anabolic reactions form bonds (dehydration synthesis)
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What is high heat capacity?
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water's ability to absorb and release heat
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What is lubrication?
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moisten and reduce friction
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Chemical reactions in our body depend on _____
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Chemical reactions in our body depend on water
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H₂O molecules form _____ around ions and small polar molecules to keep them in solution
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H₂O molecules form hydration spheres around ions and small polar molecules to keep them in solution
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What is a hydrophilic compound?
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"react with water" (water loving)
-organic molecules with polar covalent bonds → also attract water -hydration spheres form... and carry these molecules into solution |
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What is a hydrophobic compound?
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"do not react with water" (water fearing)
-organic molecules lacking polar covalent bonds (nonpolar) -no hydration spheres formed... molecules don't dissolve |
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_____ molecules are electrically attracted to polar H₂O molecules (they can interact with & thus dissolve in H₂O) → hydrophilic (water loving)
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Polar molecules are electrically attracted to polar H₂O molecules (they can interact with & thus dissolve in H₂O) → hydrophilic (water loving)
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_____ molecules cannot enter into a "charge interaction" with H₂O & therefore cannot dissolve in it → hydrophobic
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Nonpolar molecules cannot enter into a "charge interaction" with H₂O & therefore cannot dissolve in it → hydrophobic
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_____ molecules cannot dissolve in lipids or permeate phospholipid bilayer → lipophobic
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Polar
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_____ molecules dissolve in lipids and can permeate phospholipid bilayer → lipophilic
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Nonpolar
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Hydrophobic molecules are "water fearing" and therefore cannot dissolve in water
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True
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Lipophilic molecules can dissolve in water
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False
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Nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic
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True
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Polar molecules are lipophilic
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False
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Water is a non polar molecule
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False
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Polar molecules can dissolve in water
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True
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What is a salt?
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ionic compound with cations other than H- & anions other than OH-
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All ions are _____.
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electrolytes
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What is an electrolyte?
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substances that conduct an electrical signal current in solution
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Using the pH values
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"saves space"
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What is an acid?
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solute that dissociated in solution and releases H+ (proton donors) → pH lower than 7.0
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What is a base?
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solute that removes H+ from solution (proton acceptors) → pH higher than 7.0
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What is pH?
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the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
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What is acidosis?
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excess H+ in body fluid (low pH)
-damages cells and tissues -alters proteins -interferes with normal physiological functions |
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What is alkalosis?
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excess OH- in body fluid (high pH)
-also causes problems but rarely |
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What is a buffer?
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mixture of molecules that minimize changes in [H+], stabilizes pH physiological buffers: bicarbonate, phosphate, proteins
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When pH is high -->
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H+ ions are released to lower pH
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When pH is low -->
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H+ ions are bound to raise pH
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