Bio 214 Final

Front 1

evolution is made up of modern synthesis (4)

Back 1

1. paleontology - fossil record
2. population genetics- natural selection + Mendelian genetics
3. taxonomy -classification, and naming things
4. bio geography - where species live, migrate, range,etc.

Front 2

series of assumptions for hardy-weinberg (5)

Back 2

1. Large population
2. Closed population
3. random mating
4. no mutations
5. no natural selection

assumptions to be fulfilled simultaneously

Front 3

4 influences of microevolution

Back 3

⊙ mutations
⊙ gene flow- changes in allelic frequency due to MIGRATION
⊙ genetic drift- changes in allelic frequency due to CHANCE (random events)
⊙ natural selection

Front 4

genetic drift and examples

Back 4

changes in allelic frequency due to change
ex. 1. bottle neck effect. from natural disaster wiping out portion of population. survivors don't represent the greatest genetic diversity

2. founders effect. part of population gets up and leaves to inhibit a new place, this new pop doesn't represent the grestest genetic diversity ex. pilgrims

Front 5

benefits of needles

Back 5

1. resonin-makes them indigestible
2. small surface area decreases transpiraton
3. snow just falls off easily

Front 6

sedges

Back 6

short, low growing bushes found in tundra

Front 7

brackage

Back 7

where salt water and fresh water meet (in estuary )

Front 8

fire adaptive local habitats

Back 8

chaparral and coastal sage scrub

Front 9

ecotone

Back 9

transition zone between biomes/habitats

Front 10

natural selection

Back 10

adaptations to the environment. making yourself more successful than others.

Front 11

camouflage (5) the ability to blend in to your surroundings

Back 11

1 CRYPTIC COLORATION : resembling not inanimate object matching things in environment ex. walking stick

2. WARNING COLORATION: bright colors, poisonous frogs, skunk..

3.DISTORTION COLORATION: zebra

4. COUNTERSHADING:fish, dark on top hides them from aerial predators, light on top blends in with the light seen from predators underneath looking up

5. MIMICRY: bluff

Front 12

mimicry (5)

Back 12

1. MULLERIAN MIMICRY: 2 species look alike may or may not be dangerous. species rely on chance that the other will get eaten rather than them

2. BATESIAN MIMICRY: one unharmed species mimics a harmful species in hoped to ward off predators that think it too is dangerous. tasty looks like an untasty

3. COLLECTIVE MIMICRY : small individuals get together to appear bigger, small fish come as one to be a big fish ( finding nemo)

4. AGGRESSIVE MIMICRY : use something to lure prey to them. ex. is an angler fish with its light
5. WARNING STRUCTURES: rattle snakes, porcupine.

Front 13

polymorphism

Back 13

many variations within a species, many phenotypes

Front 14

sexual dimorphism

Back 14

males and females look different ex. ducks, males are colorfiul, females are dull and drab.

Front 15

reverse dimorphism

Back 15

female is bright
male is drab, smaller, not colorful

Front 16

geographic isolation

Back 16

variation of individuals based on where they come from

Western vs. eastern species

no gene flow, so the species become different

Front 17

variation in gene pools

Back 17

mutations

sexual recombination: egg and sperm fuse, variation in genotypes

Front 18

reproductive isolation

Back 18

factors keeping populations from producing viable fertile offspring

Front 19

prezygotic barriers (5)

Back 19

1. habitat isolation- occupy different habitats within an area, rarely come across each other

2. temporal isolation- differ by a factor of time, nocturnal/diurnal/crepuscular(active at dawn and dusk)
one may be in heat but other not, seasonal, activity patterns

3. behavioral isolation- courtship rituals, have different mating calls, or rituals

4. mechanical isolation- key doesn't fit in hole. morphological differences that prevent mating

5. gametic isolation - sperm is specific to one species and can not fertilize any other.

Front 20

post zygotic barriers (3)

Back 20

1. reduced hybrid viability: