Bio 211 Ch. 21/22

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1.Discuss how lymph gets formed and how it gets back into the blood stream. Whereare lymph nodes found in the body? What role do they play in the immune system?p

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Lymph nodes are found all over the body: tonsils, cervical,axillary, inguinal, to the lymph ducts in the chest region (right lymphaticduct and thoracic duct) to the cisternae chyli and spleen in the abdominalregion and the lymphatic vessels. Lymph transports and houses lymphocytes andother immune cells to defend body against infectious agents.

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2.John receives anti-venom for a snake bite. What type of immunity is this?

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Passive artificial immunity

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Lymphatic System

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helps immune system defend body against infectious agents

transports and houses lymphocytes

returns excess fluid to blood to maintain fluid balance

( tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels)

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T-lymphocytes

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formed in red bone marrow; complete maturation in the thymus (cell mediated immunity)

must have antigen processed

antigen presented in plasma membrane of another cell type

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B-lymphocytes

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(humoral immunity) make direct contact with antigen

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thymus

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functions in T-lymphocyte maturation

large in infants

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red bone marrow

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w/n space of spongy bone (flat bones in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum)

responsible for hemopoiesis- produces erythrocytes, platelets granulocytes, and agranulocytes

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lymph nodes

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filter lypmh and remove unwanted substances

located along pathways of lymph vessels

axillary, cervical, inguinal

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spleen

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largest lymphatic organ

supplied by splenic artery

drained by splenic vein

white pulp (clusters of T and B lymphocytes and macrophages)

red pulp (contains erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages and B lymphocytes)

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tonsils

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help protect against foreign substances inhaled or ingested

pharyngeal, palatine, lingual

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lymphatic nodules

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small clusters of lymphatic cells

found in every body organ

sometimes group together to form larger structures (ie MALT- in gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts)

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innate immunity

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protect against numerous different substances

BORN WITH THESE DEFENSES

-barriers of skin and mucosal membranes

-nonspecific cellular and molecular internal defenses

-does NOT require previous exposure

-respond IMMEDIATELY

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mechaincal/ epithelial mechanisms

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epidermis and dermis

mucosal membrane barrier: lining openings of the body

usually successful

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chemical mediators

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lysozyme, sebum, defensins

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cells and inflammatory response

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neutrophils: first to arrive during inflammatory response (most prevalent)

–Inflammation•complementincreasing inflammatory response•activatesmast cells and basophils•attractsneutrophils and macrophages

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macrophages

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reside in tissues throughout body, arrive later and stay longer than neutrophils, engulf unwanted substances through phagocytosis

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NK cells

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DESTROY virus and bacteria infected cells, tumor cells, cells of transplanted tissue

patrol body detecting unhealthy cells (immune surveillance)

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interferon

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non specific defense mechanism against viral spread

released from virus infected cells

binds receptors of neighboring cells

-prevent them from becoming infected

-inhibit synthesis of viral proteins

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complement

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antimicrobial proteins

synthesized by liver

-released in inactive form continuously

Classical: antibody attached to foreign substance, binding of complement to antibody

Alternative: complement binding to polysaccharides of bacterial and fungal cell walls

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pyrogens

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target hypothalamus and cause release of prostaglandin

raises temperature set point of hypothalamus

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adaptive immunity

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involves specific T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes

takes several DAYS TO BE EFFECTIVE

(wont respond to strep throat)

CONTACT WITH ANTIGEN

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artifical

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can be transferred to ind. at risk from toxin (snake antivenom)

serum containing antibodies transferred from one person to another

-tetanus (passive)

-flu shot (active)

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natural

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transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus (passive)

direct exposure to antigen (active)

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passive

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obtained thru another individual

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active

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results from direct encounter with pathogen

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cellular immunity (cell-mediated)

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immune response involving T-lymphocytes

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antibody-mediated immunity (humoral)

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immune response involving B-lymphocytes

develop into plasma cells to release antibodies

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positive selection

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test ability of T-lymphocyte to recognize and bind MHC

if can bind, survive

if cant, are eliminated

-selects for T-lymphocytes able to perform this function

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negative selection

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test ability of T-lymphocyte to NOT bind to self antigens

present self antigens with MHC class I and II molecules

if does bind, is destroyed

-selects against T-lymphocytes that do this

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MHC class I

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found on all nucleated cells and is used to communicate with cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

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MHC class II

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only on APCs and is used to communicate with helper T-lymphocytes

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helper T cells

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help activate B-lymphocytes and other immune cells

contain CD4 in plasma membrane

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cytotoxic T cells

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release chemicals toxic to cells

contain CD8 in plasma membrane

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antibody structure

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IgG

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all antibody actions

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IgM

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agglutination and bind complement

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IgA

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agglutination (produced in mucus, saliva, tears and breast milk)

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IgD

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antigen specific B lymphocyte receptor

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IgE

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formed in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections

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autoimmune disorders

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immune system lacking tolerance for specific self-antigen, initiates immune response as if cells were foreign

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immunodeficiency diseases

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AIDS: life threatening; result of

HIV: infects and destroys helper T-lymphocytes

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allergies

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overreaction of immune system noninfectious substance, allergen (pollen, latex, peanuts) may cause multiple symptoms, systemic vasodilation and inflammation-may go into anaphylactic shock

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B cell activation

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–Firststimulation•intactantigen binding to BCR•antigencross-linking of BCR•stimulatedB-lymphocyte engulfs antigens•presentsantigen to helper T-lymphocyte that recognizes the antigen–Secondstimulation•activatedhelper T-lymphocyte releasing IL-4•stimulatesB-lymphocytei

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Cytotoxic T cell activation

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MHC I activates cytotoxic T cells (CD 8 cells)

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helper T cell activation

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MHC class II activates helper T cells (CD 4 cells)

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plasma cells

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produce antibodies

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memory B cells

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retain BCRs

have much longer life than plasma cells

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inflammation

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redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function