Bio 2108 Unit 3: Evolution

Front 1

History of Evolution: Aristotle

Back 1

400 BC; named the Father of Biology; developed a ranked classification: the “scale of nature,” from the least perfect (fish) to the most perfect (humans)

Front 2

History of Evolution: Linnaeus

Back 2

1700s; Father of Taxonomy; developed Linnaean classification and binomial nomenclature that classified animals into taxa

Front 3

History of Evolution: Lamarck

Back 3

French naturalist; Early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred in accordance to natural laws; Organisms change to match their environment- Adaptations

Front 4

History of Evolution: Cuvier

Back 4

French geologist who noticed the fossils were different in different layers of rock; found that fossils in top layers were more closely related and fossils in bottom layers were less closely related.

Front 5

History of Evolution: Lyell

Back 5

British geologist who studied rock formation; noticed that sediment washed down a river would sink to bottom and form rocks; concluded that the earth cannot make rocks in 10,000 years; disproved theory that Earth was 10,000 years old.

Front 6

History of Evolution: Darwin

Back 6

1800s; traveled the world by ship taking meticulous notes; studied finches on Galapagos Islands; in 1859, published "On the Origin of Species."

Front 7

History of Evolution: Wallace

Back 7

Followed Darwin's footsteps: also traveled around the world by ship; sent Darwin his draft on the theory of evolution; Darwin presented his paper to the assembly first, getting the credit.

Front 8

History of Evolution: Mendel

Back 8

Population genetics; pea plants.

Front 9

"On the Origin of Species"- 1859, by Charles Darwin

Name two simple ideas.

Back 9

1. Present life forms are related to past life forms.

2. Natural Selection

Front 10

Define natural selection.

Back 10

- the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype; it is a key mechanism of evolution.

- works on genetically based variation.

Front 11

Define artificial selection.

Give example

Back 11

Intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits

Ex. Manually selecting against brown-eyed fruit flies in lab

Front 12

Define selection pressure.

Back 12

changes with a particular environment

Front 13

Define evolution.

Back 13

the best explination for how things change through time

Front 14

Name the 4 pieces of evidence for evolution

Back 14

1. Fossils

2. Biogeography

3. Comparative anatomy

4. Comparative biochemistry

Front 15

Fossils: name the conditions necessary for preservation

Back 15

Frozen

Buried quickly

Anaerobic conditions

Front 16

Easier to fossilize: on land or in ocean?

Back 16

Ocean

Front 17

Define biogeography.

Back 17

- where things are found; how did they get there; when did they separate;

- the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space through (geological) time

Front 18

Comparative Anatomy: Define homology.

Give example

Back 18

Came from the same evolutionary structure

Human hand and cat paw

Front 19

Comparative Anatomy: Define analogy.

Back 19

the various structures in different species having the same appearance, structure, or function,

Front 20

At which level of taxonomy does evolution occur?

Back 20

Evolution in natural selection can only occur in populations.

Front 21

Define population.

Back 21

A group of individuals within the same species that have access to one another for interbreeding.

Front 22

Define epigenetics.

Back 22

- The study of changes in organisms caused by modification in gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.

- adaptations learned by parents can be passed onto offspring.

Front 23

Define allele.

Back 23

Variations of a gene.

Front 24

Define gene.

Back 24

A section of DNA that codes for a trait.

Front 25

Name the 5 Hardy-Weinberg conditions.

Back 25

1. No selection

2. No mutations

3. No migration

4. Random mating

5. Large population size

Front 26

Hardy-Weinberg variables

Back 26

p = dominant allele frequency

q = recessive allele frequency

p^2 = homozygous dominant (AA) genotype frequency

2pq = heterozygous (Aa) genotype frequency

q^2 = homozygous recessive (aa) genotype frequency

Front 27

Causes of population change:

Define genetic drift.

Back 27

The loss of alleles or change in allele frequency in a population caused by random events

Front 28

Causes of population change:

Define bottleneck effect.

Back 28

The loss of alleles or change in allele frequency in a population caused by an event that reduces the population to a small number of individuals that do not accurately represent the the genetic variation of the initial population.

Front 29

Causes of population change:

Define founder effect.

Back 29

Occurs when a new population is started by a small number of individuals who do not represent the genetic variation of a larger population.

Front 30

Causes of population change:

Define gene flow.

Back 30

The transfer of allele from one population to another; migration.

Front 31

Causes of population change:

Define inbreeding.

Back 31

aka. Non-random mating.

The breeding of closely related individuals, especially over several generations.

If dominants only mated with dominants and recessives only mated with recessives, the populations' genetics would be skewed.

Front 32

Causes of population change:

Selection

Back 32

Selection is the only factor that is likely to lead to adaptations.

It is the result of environmental factors, such as predation or loss of food source.

Front 33

Define species.

Back 33

A group of animals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

A group of actually or potentially inbreeding natural populations; reproductively isolated from others.

Front 34

Define prezygotic barriers.

Back 34

barriers that prevent an egg from ever uniting with a sperm.

Front 35

6 types of prezygotic barriers and an example of each.

Back 35

1. Geological separation (Allopatric separation)- different locations

2. Ecological separation- different habitats

3. Behavioral separation- different mating calls

4. Temporal separation- different mating seasons

5. Mechanical separation- genitalia physically don't fit

6. Gametic separation- egg and sperm don't stick

Front 36

Define postzygotic barriers.

Back 36

Barriers that allow an egg and a sperm to unite, but leave the offspring either infertile or inviable.

Front 37

Define hybrid sterility.

Back 37

Cross-breed animals that are infertile; cannot produce offspring.

Front 38

Define hybride inviability.

Back 38

Cross-breed animals that are weak and do not live as vigorously.

Front 39

Define speciation.

Back 39

Two reproductively isolated populations of the same species can no longer mate together successfully.

Front 40

Allele variation in a population leads to...

Back 40

1. Differences in species

2. If significant enough, makes two species unwilling or impossible to interbreed.

Front 41

Define allopatric separation.

Name 2 types.

Back 41

Physical separation of a population from other populations.

1. Isolation- islands

2. Continental drift- Pangaea split into Laurasia (north) and Gondwana (south) continents

Front 42

Define sympatric separation.

Name 2 types.

Back 42

An initially interbreeding population that splits into two or more species that no longer interbreed, but still occupy the same physical area.

1. Reproductive isolation- polyploidy

2. Specialization

Front 43

Define specialization.

Back 43

The mating preferences of a species.

Front 44

Patterns of evolution: Divergent

Back 44

Two similar species evolve into two very different species

Front 45

Patterns of evolution: Convergent

Back 45

Two very different species separately evolve into two very similar species.

ex. environment selected for fish with darker dorsal sides and lighter ventral sides, so fish with lighter dorsal sides developed darker dorsal sides and fish with darker ventral sides developed lighter ventral sides.

Front 46

Patterns of evolution: Parallel

Back 46

Two very similar species succomb to the same environmental pressure and evolve similarly

Front 47

Patterns of evolution: Coevolution

Back 47

Two interacting species evolve together, because of one another.

ex. Predetor/prey, parasite/host

Front 48

Tempo of speciation: Gradualism

Back 48

The slow, progressive change in a population that diverges into two species.

Front 49

Tempo of speciation: Punctuation

Back 49

Periods of no change followed by periods of rapid change.

Front 50

Are evolutionary trends goal oriented?

Back 50

No.