Bio 210 Chapter 5

Front 1

The two major components of the integumentary system are
a) the cutaneous membrane and the accessory structures
b) the epidermis and the hypodermis
c) the hair and the nails
d) the dermis and the subcutaneous layer

Back 1

a) the cutaneous membrane and the accessory structures

Front 2

Beginning at the basal lamina and traveling toward the free surface, the epidermis includes the folowing layers:
a) corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, germinativum
b) granulosum, lucidum, spinosum, germinativum, corneum
c) germinativum, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
d) lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, germinativum, corneum

Back 2

c) germinativum, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

Front 3

The protein that permits stretch and recoil of the skin is
a) collagen
b) melanin
c) keratin
d) elastin

Back 3

d) elastin

Front 4

The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are
a) carotene and xanthophyll
b) carotene and melanin
c) melain and chlorophyll
d) xanthophyll and melanin

Back 4

b) carotene and melanin

Front 5

The two major components of the dermis are the
a) superficial fascia and cutaneous membrane
b) epidermis and the hypodermis
c) papillary layer and reticular layer
d) stratum germinativum and stratum corneum

Back 5

c) papillary layer and reticular layer

Front 6

The cutaneous plixus and papillaru plexus consist of
a) a network of arteries providing the dermal blood supply
b) a network of nerves providing dermal sensations
c) specialized cells for cutaneous sensations
d) gland cells tht release cutaneous secretions

Back 6

a) a network of arteries providing the dermal blood supply

Front 7

The accessory structures of the integument include the
a) blood vesses, glands, muscles, and nerves
b) Merkel cells, lamellated corpuscles and tactile corpuscles
c) hair, skin, and nails
d) hair follicles, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

Back 7

d) hair follicles, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

Front 8

The portion of the hair follicle where cell divisions occur is the
a) shaft
b) matrix
c) root hair plexus
d) cuticle

Back 8

b) matrix

Front 9

The two types of exocrine glands in the skin are
a) merocrine and sweat glands
b) sebaceous and sweat glands
c) apocrine and sweat glands
d) eccrine and sweat glands

Back 9

b) sebaceous and sweat glands

Front 10

Apocrine weat glands can be controlled by
a) the autonomic nervous system
b) regional control mechanisms
c) the endocrine system
d) a and c are correct

Back 10

d) a and c are correct

Front 11

The primary function of sensible perspiration is to
a) get rid of wastes
b) protect the skin from dryness
c) maintain electrolyte balance
d) reduce body temperature

Back 11

d) reduce body temperature

Front 12

The stratum corneum of the nail root, which extendds over the exposed nail, is called the
a) hyponychium
b) eponychium
c) cuticle
d) cerumen

Back 12

b) eponychium

Front 13

Muscle weakness and a reduction in bone strength in the elderly result from decreased
a) vitamin D3 production
b) melanin production
c) sebum production
d) dermal blood supply

Back 13

a) vitamin D3 production

Front 14

In which layer(s) of the epidermis does cell divison occur?

Back 14

Epidermal cell division occurs in the stratum germinativum

Front 15

What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?

Back 15

This smooth muscle causes hairs to stand erect when stimulated.

Front 16

What widespread effects does epidermal growth factor (EGF) have on the integument?

Back 16

Epidermal growth factor promotes the divisions of germinal cells in the stratum germinativm and stratum spinosum. It also accelerates the production of keratin in differentiating epidermal cells and stimulates both epidermal development and epidermal repair after injury and synthetic activity and secretion by epithelial cells.

Front 17

What two major layers constitute the dermis, and what components are in each layer?

Back 17

1. Papillary layer - consists of loose connective tissue and contains capillaries and sensory neurons
2. reticular layer - consists of dense irregular connective tissue and bundles of collagen fibers. Both layers contain networks of blood vesses, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers.

Front 18

List the four stages in the regeneration of the skin after an injury.

Back 18

1. bleeding
2. scab formation
3. granulation tissue formation
4. scar

Front 19

How do insensible perspiration and sensible perspiration differ?

Back 19

Insensible perspiration is water loss via evaporation through the stratum corneum of the skin.

Sensibe perspiration is prduced by activ esweat glands.

Front 20

During the transdermal administration of drugs, why are fat-soluble drugs more desirable than drugs that are water soluble?

Back 20

Substances that are fat -soluable pass through the permeablility barrier easily because the barrier is composed primarily of lipids surrounding the epidermal cells. Water-soluble drugs are hydrophobic and thus don't penetrate the permeability barrier easily.

Front 21

In our society, a tan body is associated with good health. However, medical research constantly warns about the dangers of excessive exposure to the sun. What are the benefits of a tan?

Back 21

A tan is a result of the synthesis of melanin in the skin. Melanin helps prevent slin damage by absorbing UV radiation before it reaches the deep layers of the epidermis and dermis. Within the epidermal cells, melanin concentrate around the outer wall of the nucleus, so it absorbs the UV light before it can damage nuclear DNA.

Front 22

Why is it important for a surgeon to choose an incision pattern according to the lines of cleavage of the skin?

Back 22

Lines of cleavage represent the orientation of the collagen and elastin fibers of the dermis, an orientation that resists normal stress on the skin. Incisions along the lines of cleavage are more likely to remain closed, and thus will heal more quickly than would incisions not along lines of cleavage.

Front 23

Why is regional infection or inflammation of the skin usually very painful?

Back 23

Inflammation of the skin is painful because sensory receptors are abundant in the skin. Changes associated with swelling stimulate the sensory receptors and bare nerve endings resulting in a painful sensation.

Front 24

Why is a subcutaneous injection with a hypodermic needle a useful method of administering drugs?

Back 24

The subcutaneous layer is not hightly vascular, and it does not contain major organs; thus the potential for tissur damage is reduced.

Front 25

Why is a scab formation important in homeostasis?

Back 25

Scabs temporarily restore epidermal integrity, restricting further entry of microorganisms. They also prevent the loss of fluids, maintaining internal fluid balance.

Front 26

A new mother notices that her six-month-old child has a yellow-orange complexion. Fearful that the child may have jaundice, she takes him to her pediatrician. After examining the child, the pediatrician declares him perfectly healthy and advises the mother to watch the child's diet. What could have been responsible for the change in skin color?

Back 26

The child probably has a fondness for vegetables that are high in carotene, such as sweet potatoes, squash, and carrots. It is not uncommon for parents to feed babies what they will eat best. If the child consumes large amounts of carotene, the yellow-orange pigment will be stored in the skin, producing a yellow-orange skin color.

Front 27

Vanessa's 80-year-old grandmother sets her thermostat at 26*C (80*F) and wears a sweater on balmy spring days. When asked why, the grandmother says she is cold. Can you give one possible cause for her feeling cold?

Back 27

Most elderly people have poor blood flow to the skin. Thus, temperature receptors in the skin do not sense as much warmth as when there is a rich blood supply. The sensory information is relayed to the brain, and the brain interprets the temperature as cool or cold.

Front 28

Exposure to optimum amounts of sunlight is necessary for proper bone maintenance and growth in children.
a) What does sunlight do to promote bone maintenance and growth?
b) If a child lives in a area where exposure to sunlight is rare because of pollution or overcast skies, what can be done to minimize impaired maintenace and growth of bone?

Back 28

a) Utraviolet radiation in sunlight converts a cholesterol-related steroid into vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol. This compound is then converted to calcitriol, which is essential for normal calcium and phosphorus absoption by the small intestine. Calcium and phosphorus are necessary for normal bone maintenance and growth. b) Milk is routinely fortified with cholecalciferol, normally identified as "vitamin D", which is esily absorbed by the intestines.

Front 29

One of the factors to which lie detectors repond is an increase in skin conductivity due to the presence of moisture. Explain the physiological basis for the use of this indicator.

Back 29

Sweating from merocrine glands is precislely regulated, and one influencing factor is emotional state. Presumabley, a person who is lying is nervous and sweats noticeably; this sweating is detected by the lie detector machine.

Front 30

Many people change the naturl appearance of their hair, either by coloring it or altering the degree of curl in it. Which layers of the hair do you suppose are affected by the chemicals added during these procedures? Why are the efforts of the procedures not permanent?

Back 30

The chemicals in hair dyes break the prtective covering of the cortex allowing the dyes themsleves to stain the medulla of the shaft. This is not permanent because the cortex remains damaged, allowing shampoo and UV rays from the sun to enter the medulla and affect the color. Also, the viable portion oth the hair remains unaffected, so that when the shaft is replaced the color will be lost.

Front 31

Integumentary Systems Functions

Back 31

1. Protection
2. Excretion
3. Maintenance
4. Synthesis
5. Storage of nutrients
6. Detection of touch

Front 32

Integumentary Systems Functions

Protection

Back 32

of underlying tissues and organs against shocks, abrasions, chemical attacks

Front 33

Integumentary Systems Functions

Excretion

Back 33

of salts, water, and organic wastes by integumentary glands.

Front 34

Integumentary Systems Functions

Maintenance

Back 34

of normal body temperature through either insulation or evaporative cooling, as needed.

Front 35

Integumentary Systems Functions

Synthesis

Back 35

of vitamin D3, a steroid that is subsequently coverted to the hormone calcitriol, important to normal calcium metabolism.

Front 36

Integumentary Systems Functions

Storage of Nutrients

Back 36

Lipids are stored in adipocytes in the dermis and in adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer.

Front 37

Integumentary Systems Functions

Detection of Touch

Back 37

pressure, pain and temperature stimuli and the relaying of that informationj to the nervous system.

Front 38

Epidermis
Name in order, from the basal lamina to the free surface

Back 38

1. Stratum Germinativum
2. Stratum Spinosum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Lucidum
5. Stratum Corneum

Front 39

Stratum Germinativum

Back 39

(stratum basale) the intermost epidermal layer

Ridges on palms and soles increase the surface area of the skin and increase friction, ensuring a secure grip.

Fingerprints are ridge patterns on the tips of the fingers that can be used to identify individuals.

Basil cells are stem cells whose divisions replace the more superficial keratinocytes that are lost or shed at the epithelial surface.

Merkel cells are sensitive to touch; when compressed, they release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings.

The brown tones of skin result from the synthetic activities of pigment cells called malanocytes, whicn are distributed throughout the stratum germinativum, with cell processes extending into more superficial layers.

Front 40

Stratum Spinosum

Back 40

consist of 8 to 10 layers of cells, with the keratinocytes bound together by desmosomes.

Langerhans cells participants in the immune response.

They are responsible for stimulating a defense against;
1. microorganisms that manage to penetrate the superficial layers of the epidermis
2. Superficial skin cancers

Front 41

Stratum Granulosum

Back 41

consist of 3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes displaced fromm the stratium spinosum.

Kinatin is a tough fibrous protein, and the basic component of hair and nails.

Front 42

Stratum Lucidum

Back 42

in the thick skin of the palms and soles

covers the stratum granulosum

the cells are flattened, densely packed and filled with kartin.

Front 43

Stratum Corneum

Back 43

at the exposed surface of both thick and thin skin

contains 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells

keratinization is the formation of protective superficial layers of cells filled with keratin.

Front 44

Dermis

Back 44

Lies between the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer.

Front 45

Two major layers of the dermis

Back 45

1. papillary layer (superficial) - consist of areolar tissue, capillaries, and sensory neurons.

2. Reticular layer (deep) - interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue.

Contarnns all the cells of the connective tissue proper.

Hair follicles
sweat glands
blood vessels
lymph vessels
nerve fibers

Front 46

Dermal Blood Supply

Back 46

Arteries supplying the skin from a network in the subcutaneous layer along the border with the reticular layers of the dermis.

Papillary plexus - provides arterial blood to capillary loops that follow the contours of the epidermis -- dermis boundary.

Contusion - the rupture of dermal blood vessels.

Front 47

Dermal Nerve Supply

Back 47

Nerve fibers in the skin control blood flow, adjust gland secretion rates, and monitor sensosry receptors in the dermis and the deeper layers of the epidermis.

Tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles - located in the dermal papillae - receptors sensitive to light touch

Lamellated ([acinian) corpuscles - located in the reticular layer - receptors sensitive to deep pressure and vibration.

Front 48

Two pigments of skin color

Back 48

1. carotene
2. melanin

Front 49

Carotene

Back 49

is an orange-yellow pigment that normally accumulates in epidermal cells.

It can be converted to Vitamin A.

The normal maintenance of epithelia

The synthisis of photorecepors pigments in the eye.

Front 50

Melanin

Back 50

a brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment produced by melanocytes.

Front 51

_____ manufacture the pigment medium form molecules of the amino acid tyrosine.

Back 51

Melanocytes

Front 52

The ____ is packaged in intracellular vesicles called ____.

Back 52

melanin, melanosomes

Front 53

The ratio of melancytes to germinative cells range between ____ and ____ depending on the region of the body.

Back 53

1:4,. 1.20

Front 54

The melain in ____ protects your epidermis and dermis from the harmful effects of sunlight, which contains significant amounts of ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Back 54

karatinocytes

Front 55

Two types of skin glands

Back 55

1. sebaceous glands
2. sweat glands

Front 56

Sebaceous glands

Back 56

produce and oily liquid that coats hair shafts and the epidermis

Front 57

The lipid product is rleased through ____ ____, a process that involves th rupture of secretory cells.

Back 57

holocrine secretion

Front 58

sebum

Back 58

inhibits the growth of bacteria lubericates and protects the keratin of the hair shafts and conditions the surrounding skin.

Front 59

sebaceous follicle

Back 59

large sebaceous glands that not not associated with hair follicles

their ducts discharge sebum directly into the epidermis.

they are located on the face, back, chest, nipples, and external genetalia

Front 60

Two types of sweat glands

Back 60

1. Apocrine sweat glands
2. Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands

Front 61

Apocrine sweat glands

Back 61

armpits, around the nipples, in the groin

secrete their products into hair follicles

myoepithelial cells - surround the secretory cells in these glands.

Front 62

Merocrine sweat glands

Back 62

far more numerous and widely distributed than aporine glands

palms and soles has highest numbers

coiled tubular glands discharge their secretions directly onto the surface of the skin.

has pH of 4 - 6.8

Front 63

Functions of Merocrine glands

Back 63

Cooling the surface of the skin to reduce body temperature

excreting water and electrolytes

providing protection from environmental hazards

Front 64

Mammary glands

Back 64

Breast
a complex interaction between sex hormoes and pituitary hormones control their development and secretions.

Front 65

Cerumenous glands

Back 65

modified sweat glands in the external ear.

secreations combined with those of nearby sebaceous glands, forming a mixture called cerumen or ear wax.

together with the tiny hairs along the ear canal, earwax helps trap foriegn particles preventing them from reaching the eardrum.

Front 66

Hair

Back 66

are nonliving structure produced in organs call hair follicles

Front 67

Structure of hair

Back 67

1. Hair Root - portion that anchors the hair into the skin.

2. Hair Shaft - part which we see on the surface.

3. Cuticle - the layer that forms the outer surface of the shaft. It consists of overlapping layer of dead, keratinized cells.

4. Cortex - an intermediate layer.

5. Hard Keratin - thick layers of cells in the cuticle and cortex which gives the hair its stiffness.

6. Medulla or Core - contains flexible soft keratin

7. Hair Papilla - a peg of connective tissue containing capillaries and nerves.

8. Hair bulb - consists of epithelial cells that surround the hair papilla

Front 68

Hair Types

Back 68

1. Vellus hairs - fine peach fuzz hairs located over much of the body surface.
Armpits, pubic area, limbs until puberty.

2. Terminal hairs - heavy, more deeply pigmented sometimes
Hairs on head, eyebrows, eyelashes
The follicles produce terminal hairs in response to circulating sex hormones after puberty.

Front 69

The epithelial cells of the hair follicle walls are organized into several concentric layers.
List outwart from hair cuticle:

Back 69

1. internal root
2. external root
3. glassy membrane

Front 70

Hair Color

Back 70

1. Variations in hair color reflect differences in structure and variations in the pigment produced by melanocytes at the hair papilla.

2. Different forms of melanin give a dark brown, yellow-brown, or red coloration to the hair.

3. As pigment production decreases with age, hair color lightens.

4. White hair results from the combination of a lack of pigment and the presence of air bubbles in the medulla of the hair shaft.

Front 71

Skin Homeostasis

Back 71

1. Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occured, because stem cells persist in both the epithelial and connective tissue components.

2. Germinative cell divisions replace lost epidermal cells, and mesenchymal cell divisions replace lost dermal cells.

4. When large surface areas are involved, problems of infection and fluid loss complicate the situation.

Front 72

1st stage in the regeneration of the skin after an injury

Back 72

Bleeding occurs at the site of injury immediately after the injury, and mast cells in the region trigger an inflammatory response.

Front 73

2nd stage in the regeneration of the skin after an injury

Back 73

After severl hours, a scab has formed and cells of the stratum geriminativum are migrating along the edges of the wound. Phogocytic cells are removing debris, and more of these cells are arriving via the enhanced circulation in the area. Clotting around the edges of the affected area partially isolates the regions.

Front 74

3rd stage in the regeneration of the skin after an injury

Back 74

One week after the injury, the scab has been undermined by epidermal cells migrating over the mesh work produced by fibroblast activities. Phaogocytic activity around the site has almost ended, and the fibrin clot is disintegrating.

Front 75

4th stage in the regeneration of the skin after an injury

Back 75

After several weeks, the scab has been shed, and the epidermis is complete. A shallow depression marks the injury site, but fibroblasts in the dermis continued to create scar tissue that will gradually elevate the overlying epidermis.